(1987). “ADVANCED FUELS IN A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 11(2): 449-450.

ARMSTRONG, W., J. COCHRANE, et al. (1981). “THETA-PINCH IONIZATION FOR FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION FORMATION.” APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 38(9): 680-682.

ARMSTRONG, W., D. HARDING, et al. (1982). “FLUX-TRAPPING DURING THE FORMATION OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 25(11): 2121-2127.

Asai, T., Y. Suzuki, et al. (2000). “Experimental evidence of improved confinement in a high-beta field-reversed configuration plasma by neutral beam injection.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 7(6): 2294-2297.
The first experimental result of high power (14 kV, 23 A) neutral beam (NB) injection into a high-beta field-reversed configuration (FRC) is demonstrated. The result makes it clear that the NB injection improves the plasma performance, increasing the configuration lifetime more than 200% in comparison with the ordinary FRC under similar conditions. A novel NB injection system is presented for application to FRC plasmas. A set of three concave electrodes for beam extraction is used to focus the beam enabling to pass through a narrow port. The target of beam injection is a large bore FRC plasma contained in a mirror field with a mirror ratio of 2-9. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(00)04106-9].

BARNES, D. (1979). “STABILITY AND TRANSPORT IN A FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 24(8): 988-989.

BARNES, D., A. AYDEMIR, et al. (1980). “NON-LINEAR SIMULATION OF THE IDEAL MHD TILTING MODE IN A PROLATE FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 25(8): 884.

BARNES, D., J. SCHWARZMEIER, et al. (1986). “KINETIC TILTING STABILITY OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 29(8): 2616-2629.

BARNES, D., J. FERNANDEZ, et al. (1990). “SUMMARY OF THE UNITED-STATES-JAPAN WORKSHOP ON FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS WITH STEADY-STATE HIGH-TEMPERATURE FUSION PLASMAS AND THE 11TH UNITED-STATES-JAPAN WORKSHOP ON COMPACT TOROIDS, LOS-ALAMOS, NEW-MEXICO, NOVEMBER 7-9, 1989.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 18(1): 151-154.

BARNES, D. and R. MILROY (1991). “STABILIZATION OF THE FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION (FRC) TILT INSTABILITY WITH ENERGETIC ION-BEAMS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 3(9): 2609-2616.
The stabilization of the internal tilt mode of a field-reversed configuration by injecting a minority energetic ion component has been investigated numerically. Calculations that follow ion orbits in a specified three-dimensional magnetic field configuration, corresponding to a partially tilted field-reversed configuration, demonstrate how a beam can provide a restoring force to the n = 1 tilt instability. A fully self-consistent three-dimensional numerical model, which treats the background plasma as a Hall fluid and the energetic ions as a collisionless Vlasov species, has also been developed. Calculations have been made for a variety of beam injection parameters, and indicate that the tilt mode can be stabilized with a beam energy of about 40% of the total, beam plus plasma, energy.

Barnes, D. (2001). “Profile consistency of an elongated field-reversed configuration. I. Asymptotic theory.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 8(11): 4856-4863.
An asymptotic theory of field-reversed configuration (FRC) equilibrium is developed, where the small expansion parameter is the square of the inverse elongation of the separatrix. It is shown that equilibrium alone completely determines the closed-field pressure profile of an elongated FRC in terms of the open-field profile. Examples show that the closed profile is insensitive to details of the open profile. A surprising result is that the open outflow plasma (axially beyond closed region) is always totally diamagnetic on the axis (beta =1, where beta is measured in the theta -pinch sense). The separatrix shape (axial variation) depends uniquely on the first-order pressure profile, and any separatrix shape may be realized within the limitations of the asymptotic theory. This sensitive dependence of shape on pressure profile explains extreme stiffness of the FRC equilibrium problem which was reported earlier. These results are compared favorably with experimental observations. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Barnes, D. (2001). “Profile consistency of an elongated field-reversed configuration. II. Two-dimensional solutions.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 8(11): 4864-4869.
An asymptotic theory of field-reversed configuration equilibrium, where the small expansion parameter is the square of the inverse elongation of the separatrix, was previously developed [D. C. Barnes, Phys. Plasmas 8, 4856 (2001)]. This theory is used to compute consistent pressure profiles which are then used to obtain two-dimensional solutions of the Grad-Shafranov equation. Solutions are obtained for a range of normalized separatrix radii, elongations, and shapes. These solutions confirm the predictions of the asymptotic theory. Elongations up to 25:1 are obtained, and the shape is shown to assume any previously specified value. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Barnes, D. (2002). “Stability of long field-reversed configurations.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 9(2): 560-568.
The stability of very elongated field-reversed configurations is solved by an expansion in the small parameter epsilon (inverse elongation). It is first shown that all possible unstable modes have small growth rates (gamma similar toepsilon). The internal tilt mode is considered in detail. An explicit form for deltaW in leading order is derived, and leads to a quadratic form including Hall terms. A sufficient condition for stability is obtained by minimizing deltaW, leading to a field-line ordinary differential equation. Sufficient stability conditions are obtained from this formulation, and indicate stability for S-*/E<2 (where S-* is the ratio of separatrix radius to collisionless ion skin depth and E the elongation of the separatrix), if the local criterion is used. It is argued that a volume-averaged condition is more appropriate when finite ion orbit effects are included. This leads to S-*/E<3.5-4 for stability, independent of separatrix shape or x(s) (separatrix radius to wall radius at the midplane). This condition for stability compares favorably with experimental observations. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Barnes, D. (2002). “Stability of long field-reversed configurations (vol 9, pg 560, 2002).” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 9(5): 1838.

BEKLEMISHEV, A., V. GORDIN, et al. (1993). “TOROIDAL PLASMA REACTOR WITH A LOW EXTERNAL MAGNETIC-FIELD.” NUCLEAR FUSION 33(2): 237-249.
The Lyapunov conditions for plasma stability are shown to be met in a toroidal pinch configuration with the safety factor q < 0.5, decreasing from the centre to the periphery without field reversal. This magnetic configuration is capable of containing high pressure plasma with only a small external toroidal magnetic field. Stable configurations are found with average beta near 15% and with the magnetic field associated mainly with the plasma current. The beta value calculated with the external magnetic field can be > 100%. Fast charged particles produced by fusion reactions are asymmetrically confined by the poloidal magnetic field (owing to the lack of a strong toroidal field). They thus generate a current in the non-central part of the plasma volume, which reinforces the poloidal field. This current drive can sustain the monotonic decrease of q with radius. The plasma stability is studied by constructing the Lyapunov functional and investigating its extrema both analytically and numerically. This can be justified by either a qualitative argument about the hierarchy of the relaxation processes or a straightforward search for equilibria that are stable against non-linear perturbations. The results of the Lyapunov approach lead to an additional restriction on the equilibria as compared to the conventional linear theory, namely that a stable equilibrium should correspond to an extremum of an integral of motion. This restriction can be expressed as an additional equation involving the arbitrary functions of the Grad-Shafranov equilibrium.

Belova, E., S. Jardin, et al. (2000). “Numerical study of tilt stability of prolate field-reversed configurations.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 7(12): 4996-5006.
Global stability of the field-reversed configuration (FRC) has been investigated numerically using both three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic and hybrid (fluid electron and deltaf particle ion) simulations. The stabilizing effects of velocity shear and finite ion Larmor radius (FLR) on the n = 1 internal tilt mode in the prolate FRCs have been studied. Sheared rotation is found to reduce the growth rate, however a large rotation rate with Mach number of M greater than or similar to 1 is required in order for significant reduction in the instability growth rate to occur. Kinetic effects associated with large thermal ion orbits have been studied for different kinetic equilibria. The simulations show that there is a reduction in the tilt mode growth rate due to FLR effects, but complete linear stability has not been found, even when the thermal ion gyroradius is comparable to the distance between the field null and the separatrix. The instability existing beyond the FLR theory threshold could be due to the resonant interaction of the wave with ions whose Doppler shifted frequency matches the betatron frequency. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(00)01612-8].

Belova, E., S. Jardin, et al. (2001). “Numerical study of global stability of oblate field-reversed configurations.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 8(4): 1267-1277.
Global stability of the oblate (small elongation, E <1) Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC) has been investigated numerically using both three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and hybrid (fluid electrons and kinetic ions) simulations. For every nonzero value of the toroidal mode number n, there are three MHD modes that must be stabilized. For n=1, these are the interchange, the tilt and the radial shift; while for n >1 these are the interchange and two co-interchange modes with different polarization. It is shown that the n=1 tilt mode becomes an external mode when E <1, and it can be effectively stabilized by close-fitting conducting shells, even in the small Larmor radii (MHD) regime. The tilt mode stability improves with increasing oblateness, however at sufficiently small elongations the radial shift mode becomes more unstable than the tilt mode. The interchange mode stability is strongly profile dependent, and all n greater than or equal to1 interchange modes can be stabilized for a class of pressure profile with separatrix beta larger than 0.035. Our results show that all three n=1 modes can be stabilized in the MHD regime, but the stabilization of the n >1 co-interchange modes still remains an open question. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

BERK, H. (1987). “PLASMA CURRENT SUSTAINED BY FUSION-CHARGED PARTICLES IN A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 11(2): 441-442.

BERK, H., H. MOMOTA, et al. (1987). “PLASMA CURRENT SUSTAINED BY FUSION CHARGED-PARTICLES IN A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 30(11): 3548-3565.

Bhattacharyya, R., M. Janaki, et al. (2001). “Field-reversed configuration (FRC) as a minimum-dissipative relaxed state.” PHYSICS LETTERS A 291(4-5): 291-295.
The field-reversed configuration (FRC) with a completely null toroidal field and finite plasma beta is shown to result from a relaxation mechanism based on the principle of minimum dissipation of energy. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Bhattacharyya, R., M. Janaki, et al. (2003). “Relaxation phenomenon in the field reversed configuration.” PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION 45(1): 63-70.
The relaxation phenomenon for a driven plasma system is studied using minimum dissipation rate principle. For the class of equilibria supporting field-aligned flows the Euler-Lagrange equations are shown to support bifurcated solutions. One of the branches depicts the topology of the field reversed configuration sustaining flow whereas the other branch resembles the classical spheromak configuration.

Binderbauer, M. and N. Rostoker (1996). “Turbulent transport in magnetic confinement: How to avoid it.” JOURNAL OF PLASMA PHYSICS 56: 451-465.
From recent tokamak research, there is considerable experimental evidence that superthermal ions slow down and diffuse classically in the presence of turbulent fluctuations that cause anomalous transport of thermal ions. Furthermore, research on field-reversed configurations at Los Alamos is consistent with the view that kinetic effects suppress instability growth when the ratio of plasma radius to ion orbital radius is small; turbulence is enhanced and confinement degrades when this ratio increases. Motivated by these experiments, we consider a plasma consisting of large-orbit non-adiabatic ions and adiabatic electrons. For such a plasma, it is possible that the anomalous transport characteristic of tokamaks can be avoided and a compact reactor design becomes viable.

Bora, M. (2000). “Resistive axisymmetric equilibria with arbitrary flow.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 7(7): 3097-3100.
An analysis of axisymmetric equilibria with arbitrary incompressible flow and finite resistivity is presented. It is shown that with large aspect ratio approximation or vanishing poloidal current, a uniform conductivity profile is consistent with equilibrium flows. Also a comment is made on coexistence of both toroidal and poloidal flows in an axisymmetric field-reversed configuration. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(00)02207-2].

BOSE, M. (1995). “LOWER-HYBRID DRIFT WAVES IN A PLASMA WITH NEGATIVE-IONS.” PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION 37(3): 223-228.
The dispersion relation for the lower hybrid drift mode is analytically obtained for a warm plasma containing negative ions. It is found that the lower hybrid drift frequency is directly proportional to the population density of negative ions. Moreover, it is found that the growth rate of the lower hybrid drift instability can be controlled by appropriate selection of the density inhomogeneity scale length, the external magnetic field and the number density of negative ions.

BROWNING, J., R. MAJESKI, et al. (1988). “INTERCHANGE STABILIZATION OF A MIRROR PLASMA USING RADIO-FREQUENCY WAVES BELOW THE ION-CYCLOTRON FREQUENCY.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 31(4): 714-716.

BROWNING, J., N. HERSHKOWITZ, et al. (1989). “RADIO-FREQUENCY WAVE INTERCHANGE STABILITY EXPERIMENTS BELOW THE ION-CYCLOTRON FREQUENCY.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 1(8): 1692-1701.

BUDKO, A., E. KARLSON, et al. (1993). “SELF-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS FOR TRAPPING AND DIFFUSION OF MAGNETIC-FLUX DURING FORMATION OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 5(2): 457-463.
Self-similar solutions are given that represent an analytical theory of implosion and extension stages of a THETA pinch before the magnetic field lines reconnection in course of formation of field-reversed configuration. Effects of Ohmic dissipation, thermal conductivity, and plasma turbulence are included. The self-similar solutions, obtained in an explicit analytical form, demonstrate that magnetic flux is trapped during the implosion and expansion stages for a classical plasma, and that losses of magnetic flux are possible for a turbulent plasma during the expansion stage. The rate of flux trapping and diffusion is expressed in terms of experimental parameters.

BURTSEV, V., I. ARTYUGINA, et al. (1992). “D-HE-3-FUELED FUSION POWER-PLANT BASED ON THE PULSATORY FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 21(4): 2324-2331.
Some physical and engineering aspects of a D-He-3 fueled fusion power plant based on the pulsatory field-reversed configuration are considered. The results of preliminary technical and economical factors and optimization calculations are given. An increase in the "aneutronics factor" of such a reactor is shown to result in higher costs.

BURTSEV, V., V. KOZHEVIN, et al. (1992). “THE PULSATOR CONCEPT AS A POSSIBLE TECHNIQUE FOR FORMATION OF A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 21(4): 2332-2345.
The PULSATOR concept for the formation of a quasi-stationary magnetoplasma field-reversed configuration (FRC) by means of cyclic injection and merging of toroids in the confinement chamber is analyzed. The possible use of quasi-stationary plasma accelerators for the formation of high-[beta] toroids is considered. The requirements for the formation of FRCs with fusion parameters are evaluated. The possibility of the existence of an FRC with a finite toroidal field value is shown. The SAPFIR experimental installation for FRC formation investigations is briefly described, and the results of preliminary experiments are given.

CAMPOS, D., M. MACHIDA, et al. (1995). “ANALYTIC STUDY ON HIGH-VOLTAGE CROWBAR SYSTEM.” JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS 34(10): 5818-5820.
Crowbar switches are largely used in plasma devices, such as field-reversed configuration (FRC) machines and tokamaks, to avoid energy return from the discharge coil to the capacitor bank. A method of identification of all resistances, inductances and currents involved in capacitor bank discharges using a crowbar is proposed based on the derivation of the general analytical form of the coil current. This analysis can also be used for optimization of the discharge, reducing the ripple amplitude inherent in the crowbar-switched current. Fitting results of the TC-1 UNICAMP FRC device are also presented in this work.

CARLSON, A. (1987). “A SEARCH FOR LOWER-HYBRID-DRIFT FLUCTUATIONS IN A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION USING CO2 HETERODYNE SCATTERING.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 30(5): 1497-1509.

Chacon, L. and G. Miley (1996). “IEC breeder for D-He-3 satellite systems.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 30(3): 1320-1325.
D-He-3 fusion minimizes neutrons and maximizes charged fusion products, enabling Increased energy recovery efficiency by direct conversion However, scarce He-3 terrestrial resources(1) have deterred research & development (R&D) on this alternative. Here, we explore He-3 production through inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) breeders, which supply He-3 to field-reversed configuration (FRC) satellite reactors.(2) The breeder-satellite system is analyzed in terms of energy balance. taking the net energy gain of the overall system as the key parameter. An economic study determines the competitiveness of breeding with respect to He-3 lunar mining, already shown to be an attractive route for commercial exploitation.(3)

CHAN, C., T. INTRATOR, et al. (1982). “THE EFFECT OF SECONDARY ELECTRONS ON PLASMA POTENTIAL IN A MULTI-DIPOLE DEVICE.” PHYSICS LETTERS A 91(4): 167-170.

CHAN, C., M. CHO, et al. (1984). “LABORATORY EVIDENCE FOR ION-ACOUSTIC TYPE DOUBLE-LAYERS.” PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 52(20): 1782-1785.

CHAN, C., M. CHO, et al. (1986). “EXPERIMENTAL-OBSERVATION OF SLOW ION-ACOUSTIC DOUBLE-LAYERS.” PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 57(24): 3050-3053.

CHANCE, M., J. GREENE, et al. (1992). “THE FIELD LINE TOPOLOGY OF A UNIFORM MAGNETIC-FIELD SUPERPOSED ON THE FIELD OF A DISTRIBUTED RING CURRENT.” GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTROPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS 65(1-4): 203-230.
A magnetic field line topology with nulls, generated by superimposing a uniform magnetic field onto the field from a distributed ring current, is analyzed. This simple model, which is reminiscent of the structures found in laboratory field reversed configurations and detached plasmoids, is amenable to substantial analytical progress and also facilitates the visualization of the three dimensional field geometry. Four nulls are seen to exist and representative field lines and tubes of flux found by numerical integration are presented. An infinite number of topologically distinct flux bundles is found. These are distinguished by the number of times they encircle a circular magnetic field line. A convenient mapping is described which proves very useful in distinguishing between and following the paths of the different tubes of flux as they traverse through the null system. The separatrices that divide these flux bundles are described. The complexities already present in this simple but nontrivial configuration serve to emphasize the difficulties in analyzing more complicated geometries, but the intuition gained from this study proves beneficial in those cases. One such example is the comparison of the generic features of our model with those found in a topologically different model of plasmoid formations in the earth's magnetotail.

CHAPMAN, R., G. MILEY, et al. (1989). “FUSION SPACE PROPULSION WITH A FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 15(2): 1154-1159.

CHIANG, P. and M. HSIAO (1992). “ELECTRIC-FIELD IN THE EDGE LAYER OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 4(10): 3226-3240.
A particle-tracing routine is used to find the boundary surface of the confinement region in velocity space. This numerical boundary surface is then imposed on the distribution function to calculate the electric potential profile around the X point in field-reversed configurations (FRC's). The model eliminates the original assumptions of the fast loss of the unconfined particles and free end-throat electric field in deriving the analytical confinement criteria in the velocity-space particle loss (VSPL) model. Electric potential profiles over the whole region with different particle-tracing times are presented. According to the calculated results, a new hypothetical electrostatic confinement in the edge layer is proposed. Effects resulting from this electrostatic confinement are investigated. It is found that several physical issues in the edge layer can be explained by this hypothetical electrostatic confinement.

CHIYODA, K. (1984). “SUFFICIENT CRITERION FOR MHD STABILITY OF A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 53(8): 2536-2538.

CHIYODA, K. (1985). “A STABILITY ANALYSIS AGAINST THE INTERCHANGE MODE OF THE HILL VORTEX MODEL IN A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 54(6): 2160-2162.

CHO, M., C. CHAN, et al. (1984). “MEASUREMENT OF VACUUM SPACE POTENTIAL BY AN EMISSIVE PROBE.” REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 55(4): 631-632.

CHO, M., N. HERSHKOWITZ, et al. (1988). “TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF COLLISIONLESS SHEATHS.” JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A-VACUUM SURFACES AND FILMS 6(5): 2978-2986.

CHRIEN, R. (1985). “FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION TRANSLATION INTO A COMPRESSION COIL.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 28(11): 3426-3429.

CHRIEN, R. and S. OKADA (1987). “FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION PROFILES AND RESISTIVITIES INFERRED FROM THE RADIAL LINE-INTEGRAL DENSITY PROFILE.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 30(11): 3574-3578.

CHRIEN, R. (1991). “NEUTRON CALIBRATION FOR THE FRX-C LSM MAGNETIC COMPRESSION EXPERIMENT.” REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 62(6): 1489-1493.
Neutron source strength and yield from field-reversed configurations have been measured in the FRX-C/LSM magnetic compression experiment using plastic scintillators, indium activation samples, and moderated rhodium activation counters. The calibration of these neutron detectors is complicated by the changing shape and position of the plasma and by the presence of the massive aluminum compression coils. The overall uncertainty in the neutron measurements is estimated to be 45%.

CHUNG, C., N. HERSHKOWITZ, et al. (1984). “EXPERIMENTAL-OBSERVATIONS OF SELF-SIMILAR PLASMA EXPANSION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 27(1): 266-268.

CLAUVEL, J., C. TCHOBROUTSKY, et al. (1986). “SPONTANEOUS RECURRENT FETAL WASTAGE AND AUTOIMMUNE ABNORMALITIES - A STUDY OF 14 CASES.” CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 39(3): 523-530.

CLEMENTE, R. and J. MILOVICH (1981). “THE TILTING MODE IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS LETTERS A 85(3): 148-150.

CLEMENTE, R. and J. MILOVICH (1983). “THE TILTING MODE IN RIGIDLY ROTATING FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 26(7): 1874-1876.

CLEMENTE, R. (1983). “A BIFURCATION PROBLEM IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 26(7): 1877-1880.

CLEMENTE, R. and C. GRILLO (1984). “INTERNAL TILTING AND CLASSICAL TRANSPORT FOR FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS BASED ON THE MASCHKE-HERNEGGER SOLUTION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 27(3): 658-660.

CLEMENTE, R., P. SAKANAKA, et al. (1989). “PLASMA DECAY IN FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” NUCLEAR FUSION 29(8): 1339-1346.

CLEMENTE, R. (1991). “RIGID ROTOR MODEL FOR FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS, REVISITED.” JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 60(9): 2960-2965.
It is shown that the ratio between ion and electron macroscopic rotational frequencies in rigid rotor profiles, OMEGA-i/OMEGA-e, is not a free parameter when global charge neutrality is taken into account. For most applications of interest OMEGA-i/OMEGA-e less-than-or-equal-to - T(i)/T(e) and depends on global characteristics of the confined plasma, as number of confined particles per unit length, T(i)/T(e) and the diamagnetism. Global charge neutrality is justified on the facts that in weakly coupled plasmas, the electrostatic energy of each species should be much lower than the respective thermal energy on average, and that no experimental evidence of any net charge of the plasma in theta-pinches or field-reversed configurations is reported. Connections of the present results with previous stability studies based on the rigid rotor model are discussed and some comparison with experimental results, supporting the hypothesis of global charge neutrality, are presented.

CLEMENTE, R. and L. STEINHAUER (1994). “RESISTIVE ANISOTROPIC FLOW FOR EDGE-LAYER AND JETS IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 63(8): 3003-3007.
A fluid model allowing for plasma resistivity and anisotropic temperatures, for describing edge-layer and jets in field-reversed configurations, is presented. Jet velocity can be predicted in terms of drops in parallel and perpendicular temperatures, from the separatrix to the throat, and the edge-layer broadness should depend on plasma conductivity. Comparison with experimental measurements suggests that the conductivity should be an order of magnitude lower than classical.

Clemente, R., P. Sakanaka, et al. (1995). “On the stability of anisotropic field-reversed configurations.” PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION 37(12): 1381-1388.
The stability of a class of anisotropic field-reversed configurations (FRCs) is studied using an extension of the energy principle. When a family of incompressible plasma displacements xi satisfying B . (B . del xi) = 0, with B the equilibrium magnetic field, is considered, the general result that the stability problem is equivalent to that of scalar pressure FRCs is obtained. The formalism allows us to predict the existence of global modes for toroidal mode number n greater than unity, with growth rates faster than for the n = 1 case, which corresponds to tilting instability.

CLEMENTE, R. and R. CESAR (1995). “ANISOTROPIC EFFECTS ON CLASSICAL PARTICLE CONFINEMENT TIME IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION 37(2): 137-143.
A global particle transport calculation for field-reversed configurations with possible anisotropy in the kinetic stress tenser is presented. The resulting particle confinement times may be greater or smaller than in the scalar pressure case, depending on the amount and behaviour of anisotropy. The calculation is restricted to a special quasi-equilibrium model we named 'anisotropic' Hill's vortex; however, similar effects should also arise for other anisotropic models. Comparison with experimental results is of limited meaning due to lack of measurements of any eventual anisotropy.

Clemente, R. (1998). “Anisotropic magnetic confinement, applications to field-reversed configurations.” ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE 256(1-2): 235-246.
Introducing an auxiliary function of the usual poloidal magnetic stream function, it is possible to obtain axisymmetric solutions of the ideal anisotropic magnetohydrodynamic equations for steady rotating plasmas, in terms of solutions of the Maschke and Perrin equation for isotropic plasmas, with temperature as a surface function. For vanishing rotation, the problem is reduced to the classical Grad-Schluter-Shafranov equation for static equilibria. Some applications of the equilibrium models to the study of tilting stability and classical particle transport in field-reversed configurations are presented.

Clemente, R. (1998). “On current drive in field-reversed configurations.” JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 67(10): 3450-3453.
The problem of current drive in field-reversed configurations, by apl,lying two transverse magnetic fields rotating in opposite sense: is analyzed within the framework of two-fluid collisional equations. It is shown that it is possible to generate opposite torques on electron and ions, while the net externally applied torque is vanishing. In this scenario, wall interactions, collisions with neutrals and diffusion effects are not required in order to maintain the steady stale. It is also shown that, when electrons and ions are almost in phase with the two rotating fields, the injected power is mainly dissipated by collisions associated with the azimuthal motion of both species, which should permit the achievement of significant plasma current drive efficiency in field-reversed configurations.

COBB, J., T. TAJIMA, et al. (1993). “PROFILE STABILIZATION OF TILT MODE IN A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 5(9): 3227-3238.
The possibility of stabilizing the tilt mode in field-reversed configurations without resorting to explicit kinetic effects such as large ion orbits is investigated. Various pressure profiles, P(PSI), are chosen, including ''hollow'' profiles, where current is strongly peaked near the separatrix. Numerical equilibria are used as input for an initial value simulation, which uses an extended magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model that includes viscous and Hall terms. Tilt stability is found for specific hollow profiles when accompanied by high values of separatrix beta, beta(sep). The stable profiles also have moderate to large elongation, racetrack separatrix shape, and lower values of sBAR, average ratio of Larmor radius to device radius. The stability is unaffected by changes in viscosity, but the neglect of the Hall term does cause stable results to become marginal or unstable. Implications for interpretation of recent experiments are discussed.

Cohen, S. and A. Glasser (2000). “Ion heating in the field-reversed configuration by rotating magnetic fields near the ion-cyclotron resonance.” PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 85(24): 5114-5117.
The trajectories of ions confined in a field-reversed configuration (FRC) equilibrium magnetic geometry and heated with a small-amplitude, odd-parity rotating magnetic field (RMF) have been studied with a Hamiltonian computer code. When the RMF frequency is in the ion-cyclotron range, explosive heating occurs. Higher-energy ions are found to have betatron-type orbits, preferentially localized near the FRC's midplane. These results are relevant to a compact magnetic-fusion-reactor design.

Cohen, S. and R. Milroy (2000). “Maintaining the closed magnetic-field-line topology of a field-reversed configuration with the addition of static transverse magnetic fields.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 7(6): 2539-2545.
The effects on magnetic-field-line structure of adding various static transverse magnetic fields to a Solov'ev-equilibrium field-reversed configuration are examined. It is shown that adding fields that are antisymmetric about the axial midplane maintains the closed field-line structure, while adding fields with planar or helical symmetry opens the field structure. Antisymmetric modes also introduce pronounced shear. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(00)03705-8].

COMMISSO, R., C. EKDAHL, et al. (1980). “PREIONIZATION STUDIES FOR FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 25(8): 1021-1022.

CRAWFORD, E. (1992). “A MULTIFRAME SOFT-X-RAY CAMERA WITH FAST VIDEO CAPTURE FOR THE LSX FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATION (FRC) EXPERIMENT.” REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 63(10): 5045-5048.
Soft x-ray pinhole imaging has proven to be an exceptionally useful diagnostic for qualitative observation of impurity radiation from field reversed configuration plasmas. We used a four frame device, similar in design to those discussed in an earlier paper [E. A. Crawford, D. P. Taggart, and A. D. Bailey III, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 2795 (1990)] as a routine diagnostic during the last six months of the Large s Experiment (LSX) program. Our camera is an improvement over earlier implementations in several significant aspects. It was designed and used from the onset of the LSX experiments with a video frame capture system so that an instant visual record of the shot was available to the machine operator as well as facilitating quantitative interpretation of intensity information recorded in the images. The camera was installed in the end region of the LSX on axis approximately 5.5 m from the plasma midplane. Experience with bolometers on LSX showed serious problems with "particle dumps" at the axial location at various times during the plasma discharge. Therefore, the initial implementation of the camera included an effective magnetic sweeper assembly. Overall performance of the camera, video capture system, and sweeper is discussed.

DASGUPTA, B., T. SATO, et al. (1995). “FORMATION OF A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION BY COALESCENCE OF SPHEROMAKS.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 27: 374-377.

DEGNAN, J., R. PETERKIN, et al. (1993). “COMPACT TOROID FORMATION, COMPRESSION, AND ACCELERATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 5(8): 2938-2958.
Research on forming, compressing, and accelerating milligram-range compact toroids using a meter diameter, two-stage, puffed gas, magnetic field embedded coaxial plasma gun is described. The compact toroids that are studied are similar to spheromaks, but they are threaded by an inner conductor. This research effort, named MARAUDER (Magnetically Accelerated Ring to Achieve Ultra-high Directed Energy and Radiation), is not a magnetic confinement fusion program like most spheromak efforts. Rather, the ultimate goal of the present program is to compress toroids to high mass density and magnetic field intensity, and to accelerate the toroids to high speed. There are a variety of applications for compressed, accelerated toroids including fast opening switches, x-radiation production, radio frequency (rf) compression, as well as charge-neutral ion beam and inertial confinement fusion studies. Experiments performed to date to form and accelerate toroids have been diagnosed with magnetic probe arrays, laser interferometry, time and space resolved optical spectroscopy, and fast photography. Parts of the experiment have been designed by, and experimental results are interpreted with, the help of two-dimensional (2-D), time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) numerical simulations. When not driven by a second discharge, the toroids relax to a Woltjer-Taylor equilibrium state that compares favorably to the results of 2-D equilibrium calculations and to 2-D time-dependent MHD simulations. Current, voltage, and magnetic probe data from toroids that are driven by an acceleration discharge are compared to 2-D MHD and to circuit solver/slug model predictions. Results suggest that compact toroids are formed in 7-15 musec, and can be accelerated intact with material species the same as injected gas species and entrained mass greater-than-or-equal-to 1/2 the injected mass.

Degnan, J., J. Taccetti, et al. (2001). “Implosion of solid liner for compression of field reversed configuration.” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE 29(1): 93-98.
The design and first successful demonstration of an imploding solid liner with height to diameter ratio, radial convergence, and uniformity suitable for compressing a field reversed configuration is discussed. Radiographs indicated a very symmetric implosion with no instability growth, with similar to 13 x radial compression of thp inner liner surface prior to impacting a central measurement unit. The implosion kinetic energy was 1.5 megajoules, 34% of the capacitor stored energy of 4.4 megajoules,

DIEBOLD, D., N. HERSHKOWITZ, et al. (1987). “SELF-SIMILAR POTENTIAL IN THE NEAR WAKE.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 30(2): 579-585.

DIEBOLD, D., N. HERSHKOWITZ, et al. (1988). “EMISSIVE PROBE CURRENT BIAS METHOD OF MEASURING DC VACUUM POTENTIAL.” REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 59(2): 270-275.

FARENGO, R., P. GUZDAR, et al. (1988). “THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIZED IONS ON THE LOWER HYBRID DRIFT INSTABILITY IN FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 31(11): 3299-3304.

FARENGO, R., P. GUZDAR, et al. (1989). “COLLISIONLESS ELECTRON-TEMPERATURE GRADIENT-DRIVEN INSTABILITY IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 1(11): 2181-2185.

FARENGO, R., P. GUZDAR, et al. (1989). “STABILIZATION OF LOWER HYBRID DRIFT MODES BY FINITE PARALLEL WAVENUMBER AND ELECTRON-TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 1(8): 1654-1658.

FARENGO, R. and R. BROOKS (1991). “CURRENT LIMIT IN OHMICALLY HEATED HIGH-BETA PLASMAS - APPLICATION TO FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 3(1): 130-136.
The power balance in slowly formed, Ohmically heated, field reversed configurations is considered. It is shown that a critical current exists above which the radiated power (from impurities) exceeds the Ohmic dissipation. The basic physics is introduced by analyzing the case of a linear Z pinch. Two-dimensional equilibria corresponding to a conventional field reversed configuration and the coaxial slow source [Nucl. Fusion 27, 1478 (1987)] are also considered.

FARENGO, R. and R. BROOKS (1992). “PLASMA-HEATING AND DYNAMICS IN THE COAXIAL SLOW SOURCE.” NUCLEAR FUSION 32(1): 67-80.
Simple semi-analytical models are presented to calculate the temporal evolution of the plasma temperature and length or thickness in the Coaxial Slow Source (Nucl. Fusion 27 (1987) 1478) for both tearing formation and programmed formation. It is assumed that energy is delivered to the plasma via Ohmic heating and compressional work and is lost through impurity line radiation. The plasma is considered to be always fully ionized and in pressure balance; the external magnetic field is taken to be a known function of time, and particle losses are neglected. In tearing formation, a long and thin plasma sheet is initially formed. This can be studied using a 1-D model; it is shown that the higher the external field and the smaller the line integrated density, the faster the temperature increases. In programmed formation, an axial equilibrium is quickly established and a 2-D model is required. It is shown that when the external magnetic field exceeds a critical value, which depends on the temperature, the impurity fraction and the effective plasma thickness, the radiated power overcomes Ohmic heating and a radiative collapse occurs. Various time histories of the external magnetic field are analysed in order to determine the conditions that result in the fastest increase in plasma temperature.

FARENGO, R. (1992). “INTERNAL TILTING INSTABILITY IN ANNULAR FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 4(1): 280-282.
The energy principle is used to show that elongated annular field-reversed configurations with a conductor linking the torus are unstable to an internal tilt mode. The critical elongation increases with the aspect ratio and the growth rate decreases with plasma length for very elongated plasmas.

Farengo, R. and R. Clemente (2001). “Rotating magnetic field current drive in a hollow plasma column with a steady toroidal field.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 8(4): 1193-1199.
The effect of a steady azimuthal magnetic field on rotating magnetic field current drive is studied. The configuration considered consists of an infinitely long plasma column with a finite radius conductor, which carries a steady longitudinal current, running along its axis. The ions are assumed to be fixed and the electrons are described using an Ohm's law that contains the Hall term. A fully two-dimensional computer code is developed to solve the resulting time-dependent equations. For some values of the steady azimuthal field, two steady-state solutions with different efficiencies are found. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Farengo, R., A. Lifschitz, et al. (2002). “Theoretical studies of non inductive current drive in compact toroids.” BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 32(1): 65-75.
Three non inductive current drive methods that can be applied to compact toroids axe studied. The use of neutral beams to drive current in field reversed configurations and spheromaks is studied using a Monte Carlo code that includes a complete ionization package and follows the exact particle orbits in a self-consistent equilibrium calculated including tile beam and plasma currents, Rotating magnetic fields are investigated as a current drive method for spherical tokamaks by employing a two dimensional model with fixed ions and massless electrons. The time evolution of the axial components of the magnetic field and vector potential is obtained by combining an Ohm's law that includes the Hall term with Maxwell's equations. The use of helicity injection to sustain a flux core spheromak is studied using the principle of minimum rate of energy dissipation. The Euler-Lagrange equations obtained using helicity balance as a constraint axe solved to determine the current and magnetic field profiles of the relaxed states.

FERRON, J., R. GOULDING, et al. (1987). “ELECTROSTATIC END PLUGGING ACCOMPANIED BY A CENTRAL-CELL DENSITY INCREASE IN AN AXISYMMETRICAL TANDEM MIRROR.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 30(9): 2855-2869.

FINN, J. and R. SUDAN (1978). “MHD STABILITY OF FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS WITH A TOROIDAL FIELD.” BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 23(7): 841.

FINN, J. and R. SUDAN (1978). “RESONANT EFFECTS ON LOW-FREQUENCY VLASOV STABILITY OF AXISYMMETRIC FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 41(10): 695-698.

FINN, J. and R. SUDAN (1982). “FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS WITH A COMPONENT OF ENERGETIC PARTICLES.” NUCLEAR FUSION 22(11): 1443-1518.

FUENTES, N. and H. GAVARINI (1995). “ECMC, A PORTABLE 2-DIMENSIONAL CODE FOR PLASMA EQUILIBRIUM COMPUTATION ON COAXIAL-MULTIPLE-COIL SYSTEMS.” COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS 90(1): 169-188.
A two-dimensional code ECMC for computing field-reversed configuration equilibria is described. Equilibrium states are found by solving the finite difference form of Grad-Shafranov equation by means of a successive over-relaxation method. Plasma rotation and the existence of a toroidal magnetic field component are not taken into account. Plasma trapped current is used as a constraint parameter to achieve an equilibrium state. The code computes any coaxial-multiple-coil system from the input data of coil positions in laboratory coordinates and their respective currents. It was written assuming neither a particular experimental device geometry nor a specific shape for the magnetic flux function in order to simulate the coils. Plasma pressure dependence as a function of the magnetic flux may be changed by providing a routine to replace that given by default. The code simulation includes the possibility of taking into account the infinite axial and radial coordinates. ECMC allows parameters (coil positions and currents, plasma trapped current, data to be written in output files, convergence criteria) to be changed interactively. Examples of simulated equilibria on different experimental devices are given.

Fujimoto, K., A. Hoshikawa, et al. (2002). “Control of a global motion on field-reversed configuration.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 9(1): 171-176.
An n=1 mode global motion on a field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma is observed by means of a newly developed optical system. The deviation of the FRC from the coil axis reaches 20%-40% of the plasma radius. In order to push back the FRC to the equilibrium position, a multipole field (quadrupole or hexapole field) is applied. The n=1 motion can be easily controlled by the quadrupole field, the critical field strength of which is required to be about 15% of the confinement field. It is found that the n=2 rotational instability can also be stabilized by strength of the same order. The critical strength for the n=1 motion is theoretically obtained from a model such that the driving energy of the motion given at the formation phase balances with the work done by the multipole field. The theoretical estimation agrees within a factor of 2 with the experimental results. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Fundamenski, W. and A. Harms (1996). “Evolution and status of D-He-3 fusion: A critical review.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 29(3): 313-349.
Advanced fuels for nuclear fusion - of which deuterium and He-3 mixture is the leading candidate - could reduce tritium inventory, neutron fluence, structural damage, and activation in future reactors as well as allow for direct energy conversion. The feasibility of D-He-3 fusion is assessed based on recent developments in the areas of fuel resources, fusion and plasma physics, magnetic and inertial reactors, space propulsion, reactor safety, and waste disposal. It appears that D-He-3 fusion is not well suited to the conventional tokamak design (beta similar to 10%) because of excessive synchrotron loss and closed field topology. High-beta and/or non-Maxwellian plasma configurations are promising but at present lack a sufficient experimental database to predict reactor-relevant behavior. Space propulsion appears to be a most advantageous application of D-He-3 fusion.

GLADD, N., A. SGRO, et al. (1985). “MICROSTABILITY PROPERTIES OF THE SHEATH REGION OF A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 28(7): 2222-2234.

Glasser, A. and S. Cohen (2002). “Ion and electron acceleration in the field-reversed configuration with an odd-parity rotating magnetic field.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 9(5): 2093-2102.
The method for accelerating ions and electrons in the field-reversed configuration using odd-parity rotating magnetic fields (RMFs) in the ion-cyclotron range-of-frequencies (ICRF) is studied. The approach is based on long, accurate numerical integration of Hamilton's equations for single-particle orbits. Rapid ion heating to thermonuclear conditions occurs in <0.1 ms in a modest-sized FRC. Strong variation of the magnetic-field strength over the confinement region prevents a true cyclotron resonance, resulting in stochastic though effective heating. Lyapunov exponents are computed to demonstrate chaotic orbits. Electrons are also effectively heated in this frequency range, primarily by a mechanism involving trapping in the wells of the azimuthal electric field. Odd-parity RMF promotes oppositely directed ion and electron motion near the minor axis, appropriate for supporting the plasma current. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Gota, H., T. Akiyama, et al. (2003). “Separatrix shape measurement on field-reversed configuration plasmas.” REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 74(4): 2318-2323.
In order to determine the separatrix shapes of field-reversed configuration plasmas with high accuracy, an iterative method that compares measured magnetic fluxes with the solution of the Grad-Shafranov equation is discussed in detail. Several suggestions for successfully treating the iterative method are given using numerical simulation and a mock-up experiment where conductors with three kinds of shape are inserted into the coil instead of the plasma. The iterative method is also applied to the field-reversed configuration plasma, and it is found that the separatrix shape has distinct ends and the axial location of the X point can be determined. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.

GOTTSCHO, R., G. SCHELLER, et al. (1988). “SPACE-TIME RESOLVED KINETICS OF MIXED RARE-GAS-ATTACHING GAS PLASMAS.” JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A-VACUUM SURFACES AND FILMS 6(3): 1393-1396.

GOTTSCHO, R., G. SCHELLER, et al. (1989). “THE EFFECT OF ELECTRODE AREA RATIO ON LOW-FREQUENCY GLOW-DISCHARGES.” JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 66(2): 492-500.

GOUAULTHEILMANN, M., D. PAYEN, et al. (1985). “THROMBOCYTOPENIA RELATED TO SYNTHETIC HEPARIN ANALOG THERAPY.” THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS 54(2): 557.

GOUAULTHEILMANN, M., L. INTRATOR, et al. (1987). “CIRCULATING LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT - A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 134 CASES.” ANNALES DE MEDECINE INTERNE 138(4): 251-255.

GOUAULTHEILMANN, M., Y. HUET, et al. (1987). “LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HEPARIN FRACTIONS AS AN ALTERNATIVE THERAPY IN HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA.” HAEMOSTASIS 17(3): 134-140.

GOUAULTHEILMANN, M., T. GADELHAPARENTE, et al. (1988). “TOTAL AND FREE PROTEIN-S IN NEPHROTIC SYNDROME.” THROMBOSIS RESEARCH 49(1): 37-42.

GOUAULTHELLMANN, M., Y. HUET, et al. (1986). “LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HEPARIN FRACTIONS AS AN ALTERNATIVE THERAPY IN HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA.” THROMBOSIS RESEARCH: 90.

Grabowski, C., J. Degnan, et al. (2002). “Development of a high-current low-inductance crowbar switch for FRX-L.” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE 30(5): 1905-1915.
The design and test results of a crowbar switch developed for the formation of long-lifetime field-reversed configurations are presented. These research efforts are being pursued at the FRX-L facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory using the "Colt" capacitor bank (a 36 muF Shiva Star bank module capable of storing up to 250 U) and at the Air Force Research Laboratory using the "Formation" capacitor bank (consisting of three parallel banks identical to Colt). The crowbar switch design includes four Maxwell rail-gap switches mounted on a cable header that transitions from the capacitor bank bus plates to 48 RG 17/14 coaxial cables. For the testing performed at AFRL, a dummy load was set up to simulate the magnetic field coils of the actual experiment. Tests thus far have demonstrated the crowbarring of peak currents up to 1.25 MA. Breakdown within the cable header due to the initial high voltage applied from the bank has been successfully suppressed by the cable feed-through design, proper placement of Mylar sheets around the switch for insulation, and replacement of air in the header with SF6. Timing for the triggering of the crowbar is somewhat critical, as inductance in the switch increases when the switch is triggered with lower voltages across the switch rails. At the higher bank charge voltages, the charge-flow ratings on the rail-gap switches are exceeded; however, other than requiring that the rail electrodes in the switches be cleaned more frequently, no detrimental effects have been observed from the excessive charge flow.

Greenwald, M. (2002). “Density limits in toroidal plasmas.” PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION 44(8): R27-R80.
In addition to the operational limits imposed by MHD stability on plasma current and pressure, an independent limit on plasma density is observed in confined toroidal plasmas. This review attempts to summarize recent work on the phenomenology and physics of the density limit. Perhaps the most surprising result is that all of the toroidal confinement devices considered operate in similar ranges of (suitably normalized) densities. The empirical scalings derived independently for tokamaks and reversed-field pinches are essentially identical, while stellarators appear to operate at somewhat higher densities with a different scaling. Dedicated density limit experiments have not been carried out for spheromaks and field-reversed configurations, however 'optimized' discharges in these devices are also well characterized by the same empirical law. In tokamaks, where the most extensive studies have been conducted, there is strong evidence linking the limit to physics near the plasma boundary: thus, it is possible to extend the operational range for line-averaged density by operating with peaked density profiles. Additional particles in the plasma core apparently have no effect on density limit physics. While there is no widely accepted, first principles model for the density limit, research in this area has focussed on mechanisms which lead to strong edge cooling. Theoretical work has concentrated on the consequences of increased impurity radiation which may dominate power balance at high densities and low temperatures. These theories are not entirely satisfactory as they require assumptions about edge transport and make predictions for power and impurity scaling that may not be consistent with experimental results. A separate thread of research looks for the cause in collisionality enhanced turbulent transport. While there is experimental and theoretical support for this approach, understanding of the underlying mechanisms is only at a rudimentary stage and no predictive capability is yet available.

GROSSMANN, W. and H. WEITZNER (1980). “STABILITY OF FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 25(8): 920.

GUDEL, M. and P. ZLOBEC (1991). “POLARIZATION AND EMISSION MODE OF SOLAR RADIO SPIKES.” ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 245(1): 299-309.
Observational polarization characteristics of solar millisecond decimetric and microwave spike emission and implications on the emission mode are discussed. The data are based on a large sample of spike observations recorded in Trieste and Zurich, covering the 100 - 3000 MHz range; 38 include polarization information. The main results are: 1. Contrary to the widespread assumption, spikes are not always strongly polarized; indeed, any polarization degree may be observed with similar probability. 2. The spike polarization follows a distinct center-to-limb variation; very strong (> 90%) polarization originates from near the center; toward the limb, the polarization degree tends to zero. 3. The sense of the polarization is opposite to that of associated type III bursts for almost all bursts considered. It is also systematically dependent on the magnetic field configuration of the underlying magnetic spots. This suggests that one of the magnetoionic emission modes dominates. Under the additional assumption that complicated magnetic field reversal configurations are not present, extraordinary mode is found for the majority of the events. 4. The time delay between the RCP and the LCP emission is less than 30 ms, and in one case, RCP and LCP were simultaneous within 0.5 ms. Implications on the emission process, on the depolarization along the ray paths, and on the site of depolarization are discussed.

Gulec, K., M. Abdou, et al. (2000). “Novel liquid blanket configurations and their hydrodynamic analyses for innovative confinement concepts.” FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 49: 567-576.
Hydrodynamics analyses as a part of the APEX (advanced power extraction) study demonstrates the potential application of applying swirling thick liquid walls to innovative confinement concepts such as field reversed configuration (FRC), spherical torus (ST) and heavy-ion fusion (HIF). This paper addresses the design and the hydrodynamic aspects of fusion relevant swirling flow including 3-D velocity distribution, variations of the flow height in axial and azimuthal directions and hydrodynamic flow stability. Numerical hydrodynamic analyses using a 3-D code with Flibe as the working fluid, shows that a thick liquid first-wall/blanket (> 0.6 m) can be maintained in a circular vacuum chamber of 2 m radius by injecting the liquid layer from one side through a swirl flow generating inlet with axial (7 m/s) and azimuthal (10 m/s) velocity components. Parametric computational study indicated that the liquid layer thickness in axial and azimuthal directions is strongly dependent on the inlet axial, azimuthal velocity values and gravitational acceleration. It also shows that a uniform liquid layer thickness can be maintained for axial and azimuthal inlet velocities of 11 and 13 m/s in a cylindrical chamber with a 2 m radius and 12 m length. The swirling liquid wall idea is applied successfully to ST and HIF configurations. A 2D linear stability analysis using potential flow theory (Reynolds number is similar to 10(6) for liquid wall thickness of similar to 0.5 m) of the swirling flow in the azimuthal flow direction suggested that mean flow is stable when the surface tension, gravitational acceleration, and the centrifugal force effects are considered. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Guo, H., A. Hoffman, et al. (2002). “Formation and steady-state maintenance of field reversed configuration using rotating magnetic field current drive.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 9(1): 185-200.
Rotating magnetic fields (RMF) have been used to both form and maintain field reversed configurations (FRC) in quasisteady state. These experiments differ from steady-state rotamaks in that the FRCs are similar to those formed in theta-pinch devices, that is elongated and confined inside a flux conserver. The RMF creates an FRC by driving an azimuthal current which reverses an initial positive bias field. The FRC then expands radially, compressing the initial axial bias flux and raising the plasma density, until a balance is reached between the RMF drive force and the electron-ion friction. This generally results in a very high ratio of separatrix to flux conserver radius. The achievable final conditions are compared with simple analytic models to estimate the effective plasma resistivity. The RMF torque on the electrons is quickly transferred to the ions, but ion spin-up is limited in these low density experiments, presumably by ion-neutral friction, and does not influence the basic current drive process. However, the ion rotation can result in a rotating n=2 distortion if the separatrix radius is too far removed from the plasma tube wall. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

HAMADA, S. (1986). “A MODEL OF EQUILIBRIUM TRANSPORT AND EVOLUTION OF FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” NUCLEAR FUSION 26(6): 729-749.

HAMADA, S. and M. AZEVEDO (1988). “STUDY OF A MODEL OF FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATION WITH THE LOWER HYBRID DRIFT ANOMALOUS RESISTIVITY.” JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 57(4): 1255-1268.

HAMASAKI, S. and R. LINFORD (1979). “MODELING FOR DIFFUSION OF PLASMA IN FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 24(8): 1081.

HAMASAKI, S., N. GLADD, et al. (1986). “ONE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORT MODELS WITH LOCAL AND NONLOCAL LOWER-HYBRID-DRIFT WAVES IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 29(12): 4131-4137.

HARNED, D. (1983). “ROTATIONAL INSTABILITIES IN THE FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION - RESULTS OF HYBRID SIMULATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 26(5): 1320-1326.

HARNED, D. and D. HEWETT (1984). “THE ORIGIN OF ROTATION IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” NUCLEAR FUSION 24(2): 201-209.

HARNED, D. (1984). “SUPPRESSION OF THE M=2 ROTATIONAL INSTABILITY IN THE FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION BY MEANS OF QUADRUPOLE FIELDS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 27(3): 554-556.

HASSAM, A. (1984). “COLLISIONAL TEARING IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 27(12): 2877-2880.

Hassam, A., R. Kulsrud, et al. (1999). “Steady state thermoelectric field-reversed configurations.” PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 83(15): 2969-2972.
It is shown that the cross-field thermoelectric force of magnetized plasmas can maintain field-reversed configurations against resistive diffusion, resulting in a steady state device attractive for thermonuclear fusion. If a peaked radial temperature profile is maintained, the thermoelectric force is in the opposite direction to the usual resistive friction, thus maintaining the field configuration. The field maintenance is tantamount to dynamo action, operating even in two dimensions. We show that a steady state device can be made by simply heating the O-point: no external electric fields or particle sources are needed. The feasibility of this scheme for fusion is discussed.

HERSHKOWITZ, N. and T. INTRATOR (1981). “IMPROVED SOURCE OF COLD-PLASMA ELECTRONS AND NEGATIVE-IONS.” REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 52(11): 1629-1633.

HERSHKOWITZ, N., C. FOREST, et al. (1987). “PUMPING POTENTIAL WELLS.” LASER AND PARTICLE BEAMS 5(AY): 257-267.

HERSHKOWITZ, N., M. CHO, et al. (1988). “LANGMUIR PROBE CHARACTERISTICS IN RF GLOW-DISCHARGES.” PLASMA CHEMISTRY AND PLASMA PROCESSING 8(1): 35-52.

HESLAN, J., J. LAUTIE, et al. (1982). “IMPAIRED IGG SYNTHESIS IN PATIENTS WITH THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME.” CLINICAL NEPHROLOGY 18(3): 144-147.

HEWETT, D. and R. SPENCER (1983). “TWO-DIMENSIONAL EQUILIBRIA OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS IN A PERFECTLY CONDUCTING CYLINDRICAL-SHELL.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 26(5): 1299-1304.

HIMURA, H., S. OKADA, et al. (1995). “TRANSLATION EXPERIMENTS OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION PLASMA.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 27: 345-348.
Translation dynamics of field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas are studied in the FRC Injection Experiment (FIX) machine. FRC plasmas have been formed in, and launched from, a field-reversed theta-pinch source, and subsequently translated into reduced external magnetic fields. When translated into an adjacent confinement region, incident velocity of the formed FRC exceeds the Alfven velocity. Moreover, the translated FRC cools less than the prediction of an adiabatic theory. The plasma reflects from an external mirror, and some of its axial kinetic energy is lost during every reflection. In this reflection process, significant plasma heating is observed in the case where the translation velocity exceeds the sound velocity.

HIMURA, H., S. OKADA, et al. (1995). “RETHERMALIZATION OF A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION PLASMA IN TRANSLATION EXPERIMENTS.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 2(1): 191-197.

Himura, H., H. Wada, et al. (1997). “Drift motion of field-reversed-configuration plasma across a curved magnetic field.” PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 78(10): 1916-1919.
We report the first observation of the behavior of a field-reversed-configuration (FRC) plasma translated into a curved magnetic field B-cur. The FRC shows a unique behavior in B-cur. The plasma splits into two parts: one is a bulk plasma confined in a field-reversed magnetic geometry, deflecting strongly across B-cur despite beta(E) (the ratio of directed to transverse magnetic-field energy density) much greater than 1; the other is probably a peripheral plasma outside the separatrix, propagating rigidly along B-cur. This motion of the FRC may be due to E x B drifting, rather than displacement of the vacuum field by diamagnetic currents.

Himura, H., S. Ueoka, et al. (1998). “Observation of collisionless thermalization of a plasmoid with a field-reversed configuration in a magnetic mirror.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 5(12): 4262-4270.
A systematic translation study of field-reversed configurations (FRCs) has been conducted on the FRC Injection Experiment (FIX) machine [Okada et al., in Fusion Energy 1996 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1997), Vol. 2, p. 229]. Plasma density and temperature of a translated FRC moving at supersonic speed are measured in the downstream magnetic mirror of FIX to verify a shock jump there when the FRC is reflected. A significant jump is observed. Moreover, the time evolution of the Carbon V Doppler profile is measured both quasi-parallel and perpendicular to the direction of FRC motion. Distinct transitions from Gaussian to non-Gaussian shapes are clearly seen in both profiles before and after the shock jump. Also, the ion mean-free path in the downstream magnetic mirror is calculated to be much longer than the characteristic width of the shock jump. These results indicate that the thermalization of flow energy in the translated FRC in the mirror is produced by a collisionless process, implying that this heating mechanism can be realized even in a reactor regime. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(98)00212-2].

HIRANO, K. (1988). “SLOW FORMATION OF FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS BY COLLIDING HIGH-BETA COUNTER FLOWS.” NUCLEAR FUSION 28(2): 207-216.

HIRANO, K. (1989). “IGNITION AND REACTOR APPLICATION OF DEUTERIUM BASED FUEL-CYCLES IN FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” NUCLEAR FUSION 29(6): 955-981.

HOFFMAN, A. and R. MILROY (1983). “PARTICLE LIFETIME SCALING IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS BASED ON LOWER-HYBRID-DRIFT RESISTIVITY.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 26(11): 3170-3172.

HOFFMAN, A., J. SLOUGH, et al. (1983). “SUPPRESSION OF THE N = 2 ROTATIONAL INSTABILITY IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 26(6): 1626-1629.

HOFFMAN, A. and J. SLOUGH (1986). “FLUX, ENERGY, AND PARTICLE LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS FOR WELL FORMED FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” NUCLEAR FUSION 26(12): 1693-1702.

HOFFMAN, A., R. MILROY, et al. (1986). “FORMATION OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS USING SCALABLE, LOW-VOLTAGE TECHNOLOGY.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 9(1): 48-57.

HOFFMAN, A. and J. SLOUGH (1993). “FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATION LIFETIME SCALING BASED ON MEASUREMENTS FROM THE LARGE S-EXPERIMENT.” NUCLEAR FUSION 33(1): 27-38.
Flux, energy and particle lifetimes have been measured in the new Large s Experiment field reversed configuration (FRC) facility. By careful control of the formation process, it was possible to form symmetric, quiescent FRCs, with s values higher than 4, in the one year of operation of the device. A wide range of plasma conditions was achieved, with ion temperatures varying between 0.1 and 1.5 keV. The lifetimes continue to scale approximately with the r(s)2/rho(i) parameter found in earlier work, with a coefficient proportional to x(s) to a power between 0.5 and 1.

HOFFMAN, A., L. CAREY, et al. (1993). “THE LARGE-S FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION EXPERIMENT.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 23(2): 185-207.
The Large-s Experiment (LSX) was built to study the formation and equilibrium properties of field-reversed configurations (FRCs) as the scale size increases. The dynamic, field-reversed theta-pinch method of FRC creation produces axial and azimuthal deformations and makes formation difficult, especially in large devices with large s (number of internal gyroradii) where it is difficult to achieve initial plasma uniformity. However, with the proper technique, these formation distortions can be minimized and are then observed to decay with time. This suggests that the basic stability and robustness of FRCs formed, and in some cases translated, in smaller devices may also characterize larger FRCs. Elaborate formation controls were included on LSX to provide the initial uniformity and symmetry necessary to minimize formation disturbances, and stable FRCs could be formed up to the design goat of s = 8. For s less-than-or-equal-to 4, the formation distortions decayed away completely, resulting in symmetric equilibrium FRCs with record confinement times up to 0.5 ms, agreeing with previous empirical scaling laws (tau is-proportional-to sR). Above s = 4, reasonably long-lived (up to 0.3 ms) configurations could still be formed, but the initial formation distortions were so large that they never completely decayed away, and the equilibrium confinement was degraded from the empirical expectations. The LSX was only operational for 1 yr, and it is not known whether s = 4 represents a fundamental limit for good confinement in simple (no ion beam stabilization) FRCs or whether it simply reflects a limit of present formation technology. Ideally, s could be increased through flux buildup from neutral beams, thus avoiding dynamic formation disturbances at high s. Since the addition of kinetic or beam ions will probably be desirable for heating, sustainment, and further stabilization of magnetohydrodynamic modes at reactor-level s values, neutral beam injection is the next logical step in FRC development. Efficient ion current buildup requires low-density and high-temperature target plasmas, and low fill pressure (sub-mTorr) formation methods to produce such FRCs were also developed, for the first time, on LSX.

HOFFMAN, A. (1995). “REACTOR PROSPECTS AND PRESENT STATUS OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 27: 91-96.
Ffield-Reversed Configurations (FRC) have an ideal geometry for a reactor, combining high beta toroidal confinement, with a linear external geometry. Present small diameter FRCs are thought to be stabilized by kinetic effects, but recent experiments in the Large a Experiment (LSX) have demonstrated stability well into the MHD regime. Present empirical transport coefficients are already sufficient for a small pulsed reactor, but small steady state reactors will require about an order of magnitude reduction in plasma diffusivity.

Hoffman, A. (1996). “An ideal compact fusion reactor based on a field-reversed configuration.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 30(3): 1367-1371.
Field-reversed configurations (FRC) have been recognized as possessing almost ideal fusion reactor characteristics from the point of view of engineering simplicity and maintainability. The external geometry is cylindrical while the internal magnetic field configuration is toroidal, allowing for both a simple magnetic confinement design and the possibility of good plasma confinement. FRCs are unique among all toroidal confinement concepts in not possessing any significant toroidal field. This necessitates a very high plasma beta, which provides for extreme compactness, but imposes very non-standard requirements for basic stability. Recent experimental results have gone far toward demonstrating this stability, and new experiments are underway toward developing other aspects along the FRC reactor development path. If successful, these experiments could represent a breakthrough in fusion reactor attractiveness.

Hoffman, A. (1998). “Field-reversed configurations.” JOURNAL OF FUSION ENERGY 17(3): 201-205.
A description is given of a steady-state FRC reactor driven by Rotating Magnetic Fields (RMF), and compared with present FRC status. A new experiment, TCS (Translation, Sustainment, & Confinement) is described which will test the principal of RMF flux build-up and sustainment of FRCs. It is shown that very attractive reactors can be envisioned if this sustainment scheme is successful.

Hoffman, A. (1998). “Flux buildup in field reversed configurations using rotating magnetic fields.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 5(4): 979-988.
Rotating magnetic field (RMF) current drive is a very attractive method for both increasing the flux and sustaining the current in field reversed configurations (FRC). It has been demonstrated in low temperature, low field rotamaks, and will now be applied to a new translation, confinement, and sustainment (TCS) experiment attached to the LSX/mod (Large s field-reversed configuration Experiment) facility [Hoffman et al. Fusion Technol. 23, 185 (1993)]. Previous RMF calculations have been concerned primarily with the plasma currents and particle orbits produced in one-dimensional cylinders with the rotating field strength of near equal magnitude to the confining axial field. Both fluid current and particle orbits are calculated here in the more interesting regime appropriate to TCS and reactors where the confinement field far exceeds the rotating field strength. New insight is gained into both the flux buildup requirements for two-dimensional equilibria and into the limits on ion rotation in this high confinement field regime. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.

Hoffman, A., P. Gurevich, et al. (1999). “Inductive field-reversed configuration accelerator for Tokamak Fueling.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 36(2): 109-125.
Compact toroids can be used for fueling other fusion devices by accelerating them to high enough velocities to penetrate strong magnetic fields. In the simplest analysis, the kinetic energy density of a flux-excluding object 1/2 rho v(2) must exceed the magnetic field energy density B-2/2 mu(0) Of the field to be pushed aside. Field reversed configurations (FRCs) are a type of compact toroid that are particularly efficient for this application due to their high density and thus lower required energy per unit mass. FRCs are also formed and accelerated inductively, thus minimizing possible impurity contamination. The Tokamak Refueling by Accelerated Plasmoids (TRAP) experiment was built to develop the inductive acceleration method and test the ability of high-velocity FRCs to penetrate transverse magnetic fields. Simple models have been 'developed for both the acceleration and penetration processes to determine fueler parameters required for a given tokamak field. Experimental results are given for the acceleration process. Half-milligram FRCs with number densities of 10(22) m(-3) were accelerated to velocities of 200 km/s, sufficient to fuel tokamaks with Tesla magnetic fields. The technology is easily extendable to much higher FRC densities and velocities, sufficient to fuel the largest highest-field tokamaks.

Hoffman, A. (2000). “Rotating magnetic field current drive of FRCs subject to equilibrium constraints.” NUCLEAR FUSION 40(8): 1523-1539.
The standard analysis for rotating magnetic field (RMF) current production in simple fixed density plasma columns is extended to include the critical interaction between the RMF drive and an elongated field reversed configuration (FRC) equilibrium inside a Aux conserver. The standard analysis involves penetration of the RMF into a highly conducting plasma through production of synchronous rotation of the electron fluid due to Hall terms in Ohm's law. In the present article the RMF analysis is combined with two dimensional equilibrium constraints, which have a defining role in governing the RMF penetration. Very simple analytic models are developed, based on instantaneous RMF penetration into an edge layer, that illuminate the basic parameters necessary for current drive and flux buildup or sustainment to be successful. The model does not account for time dependent RMF penetration or transport consistent density profiles, but it clearly points out the basic conditions that must be satisfied, and how they scale, for RMF sustainment of FRCs to be effective.

Hoffman, A., H. Guo, et al. (2002). “The TCS rotating magnetic field FRC current-drive experiment.” FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 41(2): 92-106.
Field-reversed configurations (FRCs) have extremely attractive reactor attributes because of their singly connected geometry. They have been created in theta-pinch devices, but being compact toroids and lacking a center hole, their toroidal current cannot be sustained by transformer action as in other toroidal configurations. A new device, the Translation, Confinement, and Sustainment (TCS) facility has been constructed to use rotating magnetic fields (RMFs) to build up and sustain the flux of hot FRCs formed by the normal theta-pinch method. RMF formation and sustainment of similar, but cold, pure poloidal field configurations have been demonstrated in devices called rotamaks, and RMF formation, but not sustainment, has been achieved in a smaller FRC facility, called the Star Thrust Experiment (STY). Initial formation and sustainment have now been achieved in TCS, albeit still with cold (T-e similar to 50 eV) plasmas. Both the formation and final steady-state conditions are found to agree with newly developed analytic and numerical models for RMF flux buildup and sustainment inside a standard cylindrical flux conserver. The required plasma conditions (mainly resistivity but also density) can now be determined for the planned hot FRC, RMF flux buildup experiments and for eventual reactor conditions.

HORIUCHI, R. and T. SATO (1989). “FULL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION OF THE TILTING INSTABILITY IN A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 1(3): 581-590.

HORIUCHI, R. and T. SATO (1990). “THE MEANDERING ORBIT EFFECT ON STABILIZATION OF THE TILTING INSTABILITY IN A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 2(11): 2652-2660.

Horiuchi, R., K. Nishimura, et al. (1999). “Kinetic stabilization of tilt disruption in field reversed configurations.” NUCLEAR FUSION 39(11Y): 2083-2087.
The process of kinetic stabilization of the tilt disruption in a field reversed configuration is investigated by means of a three dimensional particle simulation. For the case of no ion beam the growth rate of the tilt instability decreases as the plasma beta value at the magnetic separatrix, beta(sp), increases. This stabilization effect originates from the 'anchoring ions' which exist in the vicinity of the magnetic separatrix and act as an 'anchor' to hold the internal plasma to the external plasma. The tilt mode is also found to be stabilized by injecting an ion beam with about 20% of the ion thermal energy in the vicinity of the null point even for small beta(sp) plasmas.

HOROWITZ, E., D. SHUMAKER, et al. (1989). “QN3D - A 3-DIMENSIONAL QUASI-NEUTRAL HYBRID PARTICLE-IN-CELL CODE WITH APPLICATIONS TO THE TILT MODE-INSTABILITY IN FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS 84(2): 279-310.

Horton, W. (1997). “Chaos and structures in the magnetosphere.” PHYSICS REPORTS-REVIEW SECTION OF PHYSICS LETTERS 283(1-4): 265-302.
The nonlinear plasma transport mechanisms that control the collisionless heating in the Earth's magnetosphere and the onset of geomagnetic substorms are reviewed. In the high-pressure plasma trapped in the reversed magnetic field loops on the nightside of the magnetosphere, the key issue of the role of the ion orbital chaos as the mechanism for the plasma sheet energization is examined. The energization rate is governed by a collisionless conductance and the solar wind driven dawn-to-dusk electric field. The low-frequency response function is derived and the fluctuation dissipation theorem is given for the system. Returning to the global picture the collisionless energization rate from the transport physics is the basis for a low-dimensional energy-momentum-conserving dynamical model of magnetospheric substorms.

HSIAO, M. and G. MILEY (1984). “VELOCITY-SPACE PARTICLE LOSS IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY 47: 134.

HSIAO, M. and G. MILEY (1985). “VELOCITY-SPACE PARTICLE LOSS IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 28(5): 1440-1449.

HSIAO, M., K. WERLEY, et al. (1989). “CFRX, A ONE-AND-A-QUARTER-DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORT CODE FOR FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION STUDIES.” COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS 54(2-3): 329-352.

HSIAO, M. and M. OHNISHI (1989). “SUMMARY OF THE UNITED-STATES-JAPAN WORKSHOP ON D-HE-3 FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS, NAGOYA, JAPAN, MARCH 20-23, 1989.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 16(2): 276-278.

HSIAO, M., J. STAUDENMEIER, et al. (1989). “ELECTRIC-FIELD DUE TO VELOCITY SPACE PARTICLE LOSS IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 1(2): 375-383.

HSIAO, M. and P. CHIANG (1990). “EFFECTS OF VELOCITY-SPACE PARTICLE LOSS IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 2(1): 106-114.

Ichinose, F., F. Kodera, et al. (1997). “Electron temperature distribution measurement of a field-reversed configuration plasma from the attenuation of helium and hydrogen mixed beam.” FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 34-5: 679-682.
For the estimation of the electron temperature of field-reversed configuration plasma, the helium and hydrogren mixed neutral beam attenuation method is proposed. In the first step, a one-chord beam attenuation experiment is presented, in order to confirm the proposed method. For the multichord measurement, a new system is introduced, which employed the bucket ion source, the electric energy analyser, the momentum selector with the permanent magnet and the microchannel plate. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.

Intrator, T., M. Taccetti, et al. (2002). “Experimental measurements of a converging flux conserver suitable for compressing a field reversed configuration for magnetized target fusion.” NUCLEAR FUSION 42(2): 211-222.
Data are presented that are part of a first step in establishing the scientific basis of magnetized target fusion (MTF) as a cost effective approach to fusion energy. A radially converging flux compressor shell with characteristics suitable for MTF is demonstrated to be feasible. The key scientific and engineering question for this experiment is whether the large radial force density required to uniformly pinch this cylindrical shell would do so without buckling or kinking its shape. The time evolution of the shell has been measured with several independent diagnostic methods. The uniformity, height to diameter ratio and radial convergence are all better than required to compress a high density field reversed configuration to fusion relevant temperature and density.

ISHIDA, A. (1987). “2-FLUID VARIATIONAL FORM FOR PLASMAS IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 11(2): 445-446.

ISHIDA, A., H. MOMOTA, et al. (1988). “VARIATIONAL FORMULATION FOR A MULTIFLUID FLOWING PLASMA WITH APPLICATION TO THE INTERNAL TILT MODE OF A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 31(10): 3024-3034.

ISHIDA, A., L. STEINHAUER, et al. (1991). “VARIATIONAL FORM FOR A VISCOUS PLASMA.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 3(7): 1552-1556.
The variational formulation for a fluid plasma including the parallel and gyroviscosities is developed using the basic approach of Berk et al. [Phys. Fluids 24, 2245 (1981)]. The equivalence of the variational problem to the original viscous fluid equations of motion is shown. The theory is developed for an axisymmetric plasma with no magnetic field in the azimuthal direction and therefore applies to field-reversed configurations and axisymmetric mirrors. This theory offers the advantage of describing both parallel and transverse ion kinetic effects within the simplicity afforded by a variational fluid model.

ISHIDA, A., R. KANNO, et al. (1992). “TILT STABILITY OF A GYROVISCOUS FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION WITH REALISTIC EQUILIBRIA.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 4(5): 1280-1286.
The gyroviscous fluid theory [L. C. Steinhauer and A. Ishida, Phys. Fluids B 2, 2422 (1990)] is applied to the tilting instability of field-reversed configurations (FRC) using realistic equilibria and a more complete basis set than in the previous treatment. This leads to two important new results. (1) Quantitative agreement is found for the first time between experiment and the theory of FRC tilting stability, i.e., the stability of nearly all FRC's can be explained by the gyroviscous theory. (2) Quantitative agreement (within 30%) is also found between the gyroviscous theory (with modifications to account approximately for parallel kinetics and the Hall effect) and the more complete-but harder to apply-Vlasov-fluid model.

ISHIDA, A., N. SHIBATA, et al. (1994). “LOCAL MODES OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 1(12): 4022-4031.

Ishida, A., N. Shibata, et al. (1996). “Fast local mode properties in field-reversed configurations.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 3(11): 4278-4280.
Local eigenmodes of field-reversed configurations (FRCs) were previously computed using ideal magnetohydrodynamics, including compressibility and double adiabaticity. Here the eigenmodes are compared with earlier analytic models. In equilibria, as initially generated in theta pinches, the rigid displacements of the analytic models are similar to actual eigenmodes in structure and growth rate; moreover, the growth rates are similar to those of global modes. In equilibria that naturally arise later in the quiescent FRC, the analytic models fail to predict features of the eigenmode behavior: ballooning-like structure, and much faster growth rate than global modes. This suggests explanations for the difficulty of forming large FRCs in theta pinches, and for the appearance of characteristic profiles in quiescent FRCs. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.

ITO, Y., M. TANJYO, et al. (1987). “ION ROTATIONAL VELOCITY OF A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION PLASMA MEASURED BY NEUTRAL BEAM PROBE SPECTROSCOPY.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 30(1): 168-174.

ITO, Y., N. ARAI, et al. (1991). “MEASUREMENTS OF ION ANGULAR VELOCITY OF FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATION WITH SUPPRESSED ROTATIONAL INSTABILITY.” JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS 30(7): 1475-1481.
The angular velocity OMEGA-c of the impurity ions (CV) is measured spectroscopically for the FRC (Field-Reversed-Configuration) plasmas confined in the theta-pinch region and translated into the confinement region with magnetic mirror field. The FRC plasma confined in the theta-pinch region becomes unstable due to the n = 2 rotational instability which can be suppressed by the multipole magnetic field. The ion rotation in the stabilized plasma is almost equal to the velocity in the unstabilized case, suggesting that the multipole field acts on the plasma surface due to the skin effect and suppresses the instability without changing the field configuration within the separatrix radius. The FRC plasma translated in the confinement region is stable without destructive instability. The ion rotation in such a plasma indicates that a suppression mechanism of the n = 2 instability exists, which is excited by the rotation in the confinement region.

Iwasawa, N., A. Ishida, et al. (2000). “Ideal magnetohydrodynamic stability of static field reversed configurations.” JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 69(2): 451-463.
The ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability of static field-reversed configurations is investigated. For the first time, the eigenvector fields and eigenvalues for a variety of global modes are found by applying the Rayleigh-Ritz technique to the variational principle using a verifiably complete basis set. This method is applied to a wide range of equilibria and mode types, including kink and sausage-like modes, modes with intermediate azimuthal mode number, and higher-harmonic modes with respect to the minor radius structure. The findings include the following. Modes with intermediate azimuthal mode number are somewhat more unstable than the well-known tilt mode. The tilt is not stabilized by proper current profile and separatrix shape. The inverse scaling of the tilt growth rate with the elongation (found in previous studies) is not valid in general. This suggests that large elongation alone cannot be relied on for stability when non-MHD corrections are added.

Iwasawa, N., A. Ishida, et al. (2000). “Tilt mode stability scaling in field-reversed configurations with finite Larmor radius effect.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 7(3): 931-934.
The marginal stability of a static plasma with finite-Larmor-radius (FLR) effects depends on a combination of the FLR effect and the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) potential energy. For the tilt mode in a field-reversed configuration (FRC) previous computations of these two factors led to a prediction of stability for S-* less than or equal to (3-5)E where S-* is the macroscale parameter (separatrix radius/ion skin depth) and E is the elongation (separatrix half length/separatrix radius). This prediction explained the observed stability of most experiments. However, recent computations of actual MHD eigenfunctions indicate that the MHD growth rate has a much weaker scaling with elongation than previously believed. As a consequence, most of the long-lived, stable FRC experiments lie in the region predicted to be unstable. It appears then that the stability of FRC experiments is not explained by FLR effects in a static equilibrium. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(00)00803-X].

Iwasawa, N., A. Ishida, et al. (2001). “Linear gyroviscous stability of field-reversed configurations with static equilibrium.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 8(4): 1240-1247.
A discrepancy persists between field-reversed configuration experiments, which are generally stable, and theoretical predictions of instability. The common consensus has been that the stability is the result of finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects. An FLR analysis is presented that finds the self-consistent displacement functions and complex frequency. This is done using the linear gyroviscous model, a fluid-based representation of FLR that allows a wide range of equilibria and modes to be examined with modest computations. The conclusion is that FLR in static FRC fails to explain the observed stability. The cause of stability must lie elsewhere. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

JAIN, K. and P. JOHN (1984). “ROTATING RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON BEAM-PLASMA INTERACTION AND FORMATION OF A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PRAMANA 23(1): 1-16.

JAMIN, C., L. INTRATOR, et al. (1985). “CYPROTERONE-ACETATE IS NOT EFFECTIVE IN THE PROPHYLAXIS OF HEREDITARY ANGIONEUROTIC-EDEMA.” PRESSE MEDICALE 14(29): 1559-1560.

JARBOE, T. (1994). “REVIEW OF SPHEROMAK RESEARCH.” PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION 36(6): 945-990.
Spheromak research from 1979 to the present is reviewed including over 160 references. Emphasis is on understanding and interpretation of results. In addition to summarizing results some new interpretations are presented. An introduction and brief history is followed by a discussion of generalized helicity and its time derivative. Formation and sustainment are discussed including five different methods, flux core, theta-pinch z-pinch, coaxial source, conical theta-pinch, and kinked z-pinch. All methods use helicity injections. Steady-state methods and rules for designing spheromak experiments are covered, followed by equilibrium and stability. Methods of stabilizing the tilt and shift modes are discussed as well as their impact on the reactor designs. Current-driven and pressure-driven instabilities as well as relaxation in general are covered. Energy confinement is discussed in terms of helicity decay time and and betas limits. The confinement in high and low open-flux geometries are compared and the reactor implications discussed.

Ji, H., M. Yamada, et al. (1998). “Studies of global stability of field-reversed configuration plasmas using a rigid body model.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 5(10): 3685-3693.
Global stability of field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas has been studied using a simple rigid body model in the parameter space of s (the ratio of the separatrix radius to the average ion gyro-radius) and plasma elongation E (the ratio of the separatrix length to the separatrix diameter). Tilt stability is predicted, independent of s, for FRC's with low E (oblate), while the tilt stability of FRC's with large E (prolate) depends on s/E. It is found that plasma rotation due to ion diamagnetic drift can stabilize the tilt mode when s/E less than or similar to 1.7. The so-called collisionless ion gyro-viscosity also is identified to stabilize tilt when s/E less than or similar to 2.2. Combining these two effects, the stability regime broadens to s/E less than or similar to 2.8, consistent with previously developed theories. A small additional rotation (e.g., a Mach number of 0.2) can improve tilt stability significantly at large E. A similar approach is taken to study the physics of the shift stability. It is found that radial shift is unstable when E<1 while axial shift is unstable when E>1. However, unlike tilt stability, gyro-viscosity has little effect on shift stability. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(98)03110-3].

Jones, I. (1999). “A review of rotating magnetic field current drive and the operation of the rotamak as a field-reversed configuration (Rotamak-FRC) and a spherical tokamak (Rotamak-ST).” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 6(5): 1950-1957.
The physics underlying the rotating magnetic field current drive technique is presented. The rotamak is a compact torus configuration having the unique and distinctive feature that the toroidal plasma current is driven in a steady-state, noninductive fashion by means of the application of a rotating magnetic field. In its basic form, the rotamak is operated as a field-reversed configuration (Rotamak-FRC). However, by means of a simple modification, a steady toroidal magnetic field can be added to the basic rotamak apparatus and the configuration then becomes that of a spherical tokamak (Rotamak-ST). The performance of a 50-liter rotamak device, both as an FRC and as an ST, is described. Toroidal currents of over 10.5 kA have been achieved with input powers of 300 kW (at 0.5 MHz). Hydrogen plasmas with n(e) approximate to 7 x 10(18) m(-3) and T-e approximate to 35 eV have been obtained. The noteworthy reproducibility of the rotamak discharge has enabled the magnetic field lines of an ST to be directly reconstructed from experimental data for the first time. Attention is drawn to the fact that a fair evaluation of the rotamak concept requires experimentation at higher radio-frequency power levels than are presently available. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(99)94705-5].

JOUAULT, H., C. ANDRE, et al. (1985). “HISTOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF OF NON-HODGKIN FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMAS (LNHF) - COMPARATIVE-STUDY OF 12 CASES.” NOUVELLE REVUE FRANCAISE D HEMATOLOGIE 27(2): 85.

KAKO, M., T. ISHIMURA, et al. (1983). “EQUILIBRIA OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION WITH SUBSIDIARY COILS.” JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 52(9): 3056-3065.

Kanki, T., Y. Suzuki, et al. (1999). “Numerical simulation of magnetic compression on a field-reversed configuration plasma.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 6(12): 4672-4678.
A two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of an axial magnetic compression on a field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma is carried out for the parameter range of a corresponding experiment conducted on the FRC Injection Experiment (FIX) [S. Okada , 17th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference 1998 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna) (in press)]. The simulation results show that during the initial stage of the magnetic compression the front part of the FRC plasma is mainly compressed radially, and that after this stage, the compression is primarily axial. Of particular interest is expected that the closed magnetic flux surfaces of the FRC can be retained without any degradation during the magnetic compression process. Further, it is observed in the simulation that the axial magnetic compression enables a transition of the MHD equilibrium from a long and thin to a short and fat FRC. The effects of this magnetic compression on FRC plasmas are discussed. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(99)01812-1].

Kanki, T. (2002). “Numerical studies of reflection process on a field-reversed configuration plasma.” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 38(2): 1205-1208.
A two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of a reflection on a field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma is performed in the parameter range of the FRC injection experiment (FIX). The full set of MHD equations are solved on a rezoned Lagrangian mesh which employs an adaptive algorithm to concentrate the grid in regions of sharp plasma pressure gradients. It is shown from the simulation results that the FRC plasma is reflected by downstream magnetic mirror field at the end of the confinement region in the FIX machine without destroying the closed magnetic flux surfaces. The effects of this field on FRC plasma are discussed.

KANNO, R., A. ISHIDA, et al. (1995). “IDEAL-MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC-STABLE TILTING IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 64(2): 463-478.
The tilting mode in field-reversed configurations (FRC) is examined using ideal-magnetohydrodynamic stability theory. Tilting, a global mode, is the greatest threat for disruption of FRC confinement. Previous studies uniformly found tilting to be unstable in ideal theory: the objective here is to ascertain if stable equilibria were overlooked in past work. Solving the variational problem with the Rayleigh-Ritz technique, tilting-stable equilibria are found for sufficiently hollow current profile and sufficient racetrackness of the separatrix shape. Although these equilibria were not examined previously, the present conclusion is quite surprising. Consequently checks of the method are offered. Even so it cannot yet be claimed with complete certainty that stability has been proved: absolute confirmation of ideal-stable tilting awaits the application of more complete methods.

KATSURAI, M. (1995). “REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON COMPACT TOROIDS AND COMPACT TOKAMAKS USING TS-3 DEVICE.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 27: 97-103.
The TS-3 device at the University of Tokyo has been used to produce free boundary spheromaks or spheromak-like compact toroids. Plasma production is accomplished either by Z-theta discharges or by means of magnetized coaxial plasma guns installed at both ends of the device. The plasmas produced have a minor approximate to major radius of about 15 to 20 cm with a natural decay time of about 30 to 50 mu s and a toroidal plasma current of about 30 to 60 kA. A unique feature of TS-3 device is the possession of production regions at both ends of the device, and concequently the ability of producing two adjacent compact toroids which can be merged through magnetic reconnection. Another feature of TS-3 device is the possibility of external application of a toroidal field with the aid of an optional center conductor assembly that can carry an axial current ranging from 0 to +/-80 kA. This construction enables us to produce compact toroidal plasmas of various types from reversed field pinch(RFP) to tokamak in terms of the difference in q profile. The variation of both poloidal plasma current and external toroidal field current permits the change in magnetic configuration of merging plasmas, enabling the reconnection angle to continuously vary from about 20 degrees (tokamak merging) through 90 degrees (cohelicity spheromak merging) to 180 degrees (counter-helicity spheromak merging to produce field reversed configurations(FRC)). When the coaxial guns are installed at both ends of the device in place of the center conductor, a center plasma current can be injected to form flux-core spheromaks (or bumpy z-pinches). Novel research subjects that have emerged from TS-3 experiments are; (1) the investigation of three dimensional effects of magnetic reconnection in laboratory plasmas, (2) the formation of FRC plasmas by a counter-helicity spheromak merging, (3) non-OH production and merging of tight aspect ratio tokamaks, (4) the stabilization of tilt motions of tight aspect ratio tokamaks, and (5) the formation and compression (flux amplification) of free-boundary tilt stabilized flux-core spheromaks.

KATZIR, G. and N. INTRATOR (1987). “THE STRIKING OF UNDERWATER PREY BY A REEF HERON, EGRETTA-GULARIS.” ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 34(1-2): 93.

KATZIR, G. and N. INTRATOR (1987). “STRIKING OF UNDERWATER PREY BY A REEF HERON, EGRETTA-GULARIS-SCHISTACEA.” JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 160(4): 517-523.

KATZIR, G., A. LOTEM, et al. (1989). “STATIONARY UNDERWATER PREY MISSED BY REEF HERONS, EGRETTA-GULARIS - HEAD POSITION AND LIGHT REFRACTION AT THE MOMENT OF STRIKE.” JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 165(4): 573-576.

KERNBICHLER, W. (1992). “OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS FOR D-HE-3 IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 21(4): 2297-2306.
The intrinsic potential of a field-reversed configuration (FRC) for high-beta operation (beta values in the range of 50 to 100%) stimulates much interest in this device as an attractive candidate for a compact fusion reactor with high power density. Several additional benefits, e.g., the cylindrical geometry of the concept, the simplicity of the magnetic system, the simply connected plasma, the low synchrotron radiation, the divertor action of the open field lines, and the possibility for direct energy conversion of the charged-particle flow, justify a closer look at the benefits and problems of FRCs. The emphasis here is on operation with D-He-3 fuel under reactor-relevant conditions, whereas deuterium-tritium (D-T) is taken as a reference case. The reasons for that choice are that (a) D-He-3 offers intrinsic advantages over D-T in neutron production and radioactive inventory and (b) the high-beta regime of an FrC matches ideally some of the requirements for D-He-3 operation. A steady-state version of an FRC is considered to be more attractive than its pulsed counterpart. Frequent startup to high temperatures would be particularly detrimental for D-He-3, where startup scenarios seem to rely either on the transition from D-T to D-He-3, with unavoidable strong tritium contamination, or on high-power neutral beam injection.

Khvesyuk, V., A. Khvesyuk, et al. (1997). “Global stochastic particles in a field-reversed configuration.” TECHNICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 23(11): 833-834.
This paper discusses the dynamics of the fusion products of the D-He-3 reaction in a field-reversed configuration, with application to a reactor regime with a large value of the plasma beta. It shows that, under the conditions in the Artemis-L design [H. Momota and Y. Tomita, J. plasma Fusion Res. 69, 801 (1993)], the motion of protons with an initial energy of 14.1 MeV is strongly stochasticized. The confinement time of these particles and the energy transfer from the fusion products to the plasma are very small. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.

Kitano, K., K. Yamanaka, et al. (2000). “Axial length and separatrix radius behavior of field-reversed configuration plasma in dynamic compression of mirror distance.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 7(4): 1158-1162.
The axial magnetic compression experiment of the field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma is reported. The FRC produced in the theta-pinch system is translated into the confinement region. The separatrix length of the translated FRC is decided by the mirror distance. The compression is done in a manner as shortening the distance in time. The compression coil is installed inside the chamber to raise the strength of the confinement field at the neighborhood of the mirror. The mirror distance is compressed to be 70% of the original one. The increment of the separatrix radius is observed to be 14%. This is nearly consistent with the adiabatic calculation. The decay rate of the radius has a constant value. From the line integrated density signal measured by the interferometer, no n = 2 rotational instability is observed even in the case of the compression. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(00)00104-X].

Kitano, K., S. Maeshima, et al. (2001). “Dynamic process during axial magnetic compression of field-reversed configuration for equilibrium shape control.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 8(8): 3630-3634.
Adiabatic magnetic compression experiments on a field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma are reported. The compression is performed on a long FRC held in a straight mirror field. The separatrix length of the FRC is limited by the distance between the magnetic mirrors. The mirror distance is compressed in time to 35% of the original one by the compression coil installed inside the chamber, and the separatrix length is shortened to 38%. The separatrix radius of the compressed FRC increases by 56% and the aspect ratio (separatrix length/separatrix diameter) changes from 12.6 to 4.1. Magnetic probes with the compensation circuit are utilized to investigate the dynamic transition phase during the compression. The transition process is found from these measurements to be divided into three stages, where a new equilibrium state is achieved in the final stage. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

KNIGHT, A. and I. JONES (1990). “A QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATION OF ROTATING MAGNETIC-FIELD CURRENT DRIVE IN A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION 32(8): 575-604.

Kodera, F., M. Kojima, et al. (1999). “Development of a multichord beam-attenuation probe of hydrogen and helium for plasma diagnostics.” REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 70(1): 865-868.
In order to estimate the density and the electron temperature profiles of a medium temperature plasma, a multichord beam probing system has been developed. The ion density can be estimated by hydrogen neutrals attenuation via charge exchange. The electron temperature could be inferred from the electron impact ionization attenuation of a helium atom beam under some assumption. Our beam system includes a large bucket ion source which can simultaneously emit both hydrogen and helium ions, a neutralization drift tube, a beam energy and momentum analyzer corresponding to six chords and a data acquisition system. The completed device is applied for the measurement of a field-reversed configuration plasma which has a typical electron temperature of 50 eV and a line density of 2.0X10(15) cm(-2). (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0034-6748(99)58601-2].

KONIG, R., K. KOLK, et al. (1987). “INFLUENCE OF IMPURITIES ON THE PLASMA PARAMETERS AND STABILITY OF A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 30(11): 3579-3586.

KRALL, N. (1987). “LOW-FREQUENCY STABILITY FOR FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 30(3): 878-883.

KRALL, N. (1989). “THE EFFECT OF LOW-FREQUENCY TURBULENCE ON FLUX, PARTICLE, AND ENERGY CONFINEMENT IN A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 1(9): 1811-1817.

KRALL, J., C. SEYLER, et al. (1991). “KINETIC STABILIZATION OF INTERCHANGE MODES IN AN AXISYMMETRICAL MIRROR BY LARGE ORBIT RADIUS THERMAL IONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 3(4): 1015-1025.
A dispersion functional analysis that includes the full kinetic effects of large Larmor radius thermal ions is applied to the problem of stability of an axisymmetric mirror to finite azimuthal mode number (m) interchange modes. Vlasov theory is used to describe the ions, which are imbedded in a background of fluid electrons. The dispersion functional is solved numerically, both for a trial function displacement, where only the growth rate is determined, and the general case, where both the displacement and the growth rate are determined. In the trial function case, it is found that finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects are recovered, with a significant reduction in the growth rate when (rho-i/L)2 greater-than-or-similar-to gamma-MHD/OMEGA-i. In a general case, the growth rate is reduced, but not so strongly as in the trial function case. It is shown heuristically that FLR effects may be recovered from the analysis and that these effects increase with the phase-space decorrelation time of the thermal ion distribution.

KRIVOSHEEV, M. and V. LITUNOVSKY (1995). “COMPACT D-HE-3 FUELED FUSION-REACTOR BASED ON AN FRC.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 27: 337-340.
The possibility to minimize in principle the weight overall and output characteristics of D-He-3 fueled Fusion Reactor (FR) on the base of plasma Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) is analyzed. It is shown, that with the optimistic outlook on an FRC plasma confinement improvement prospects, the FR specific mass of about 5 kg/kW at electric power of P-e congruent to 300 MW can be achieved.

KUMASHIRO, S., T. TAKAHASHI, et al. (1993). “SOURCES OF FLUCTUATING FIELD ON FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION PLASMA.” JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 62(5): 1539-1551.
Fluctuating azimuthal fields, B(theta), are detected during a lifetime of a Field-Reversed Configuration plasma. The maximum strength reaches to 70 G which corresponds to about 1.5% of a confining field. Sources of the fields are discussed with relation to such plasma motions as radial shifting and tilting motions, and elliptical deformation of the plasma column triggered by a rotational instability. Analytic formulas of the B(theta), are derived from disturbance of the confining field due to these motions. Estimated values from the formulas agree well with field profiles obtained from a magnetic probe array.

LAGRUE, G., C. BRUNEAU, et al. (1985). “IGA NEPHROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH SERONEGATIVE SPONDYLARTHROPATHIES - EFFICACY OF NON STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS).” CLINICAL NEPHROLOGY 23(2): 107-108.

LAGRUE, G., J. LAURENT, et al. (1986). “LONG-TERM-PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT OF HEREDITARY ANGIONEUROTIC-EDEMA WITH ANDROGENIC-ANABOLIC STEROIDS.” PRESSE MEDICALE 15(4): 143-147.

LAURENT, J., A. BRANELLEC, et al. (1987). “AN INCREASE IN CIRCULATING IGA ANTIBODIES TO GLIADIN IN IGA MESANGIAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS.” AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEPHROLOGY 7(3): 178-183.

LAURENT, J., L. INTRATOR, et al. (1987). “NEONATAL DIAGNOSIS OF HEREDITARY ANGIONEUROTIC-EDEMA (HANE).” REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE ET D IMMUNOLOGIE CLINIQUE 27(3): 149-150.

LAURENT, J., L. INTRATOR, et al. (1987). “HEREDITARY ANGIONEUROTIC-EDEMA - TREATMENT OF A PSEUDO-SURGICAL ABDOMINAL ATTACK WITH THE C1-INHIBITOR CONCENTRATE.” PRESSE MEDICALE 16(16): 762-764.

Lifschitz, A., R. Farengo, et al. (2002). “Monte Carlo simulation of neutral beam injection into a field reversed configuration.” NUCLEAR FUSION 42(7): 863-875.
A Monte Carlo code is employed to study the interaction of neutral beams with a field reversed configuration (FRC). The code follows the exact particle trajectories in the self-consistent equilibrium calculated including the beam and plasma currents. For high enough beam currents, a self-consistent confining effect is observed which prevents expansion of the beam along the FRC axis. The beam current drive and the power and momentum transferred are calculated for a variety of beam parameters. The results are slightly affected by the details of the injection geometry. The dependence on the neutral current IN and beam energy EN is influenced by several factors, such as particle losses through the ends, the density increase around the injection region and the finite Larmor radius effect.

Lifschitz, A., R. Farengo, et al. (2002). “Numerical calculations of neutral beam injection in spheromaks.” PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION 44(9): 1979-1997.
A numerical study of neutral beam injection into spheromaks is presented. The beam evolution is calculated through a Monte-Carlo simulation and the plasma MHD equilibrium is determined self-consistently with the current produced by the beam. The exact equations of motion are used for the beam particles instead of the usual guiding-centre approximation. The guiding-centre trajectories are clearly different from the actual particle trajectories and this difference produces discrepancies in the total driven current and in the current profiles. A reduction of the plasma effective charge, Z(eff), does not result in an improvement in the current drive efficiency because the reduction of the stopping cross section is compensated by an increase in the electron cancelling current. The safety factor profile of the self-consistent equilibria shows a clear sensitivity to the driven current profile. The value at the magnetic axis (q(0)) diminishes when the beam is injected at the magnetic axis and increases for injection above the axis. Power deposition profiles for simple injection configurations are also shown.

MAJESKI, R., J. BROWNING, et al. (1987). “EFFECT OF VARIABLE EIGENMODE EXCITATION ON RF STABILIZATION OF A MIRROR PLASMA.” PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 59(2): 206-209.

MAQUEDA, R., G. WURDEN, et al. (1992). “WIDE-BAND SILICON BOLOMETERS ON THE LSX FIELD REVERSED CONFIGURATION EXPERIMENT.” REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 63(10): 4717-4719.
Silicon photodiode detectors, which have nearly flat energy response from 1 eV to 6 keV [R. Korde and L. Randall Canfield, Proc. SPIE 1140, 126 (1989)], were used as bolometers in the field reversed theta pinch experiment LSX. Plasma escaping from the field reversed configuration is naturally diverted to the ends of the vacuum enclosure. There it affects the bolometer measurements either by direct energy deposition or by emission of low energy photons. These two particle effects can be avoided by optimizing the location of the bolometers and restricting their field of view. Good agreement is observed between the silicon bolometers and a gold foil calorimeter.

MATSUURA, H., Y. NAKAO, et al. (1993). “EFFECTIVE ION TAIL FORMATION DURING STARTUP NEUTRAL BEAM HEATING IN D-HE-3 PLASMAS.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 24(1): 17-27.
Formation of an effective ion tail due to neutral beam injection heating during startup in D-He-3 plasmas is investigated. The main idea is to reduce the energy input required for startup heating as well as the 14-Me V neutron yield by creating an effective tail. The optimal beam injection energy and beam species are first estimated by solving the steady-state Fokker-Planck equations for the injected species and for tritons. The startup of D-He-3 plasma is simulated by simultaneously solving the time-dependent power balance and particle conservation equations together with the Fokker-Planck equations. As a result of tail formation in the fuel ion distribution, both the total input energy and the 14-Me V neutron yield during the startup phase are reduced by approximately 20 % from the values for Maxwellian plasma.

MATSUURA, H., Y. TANAKA, et al. (1995). “TAIL EFFECTS ON D-HE-3/FRC STARTUP HEATING.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 27: 559-562.
An intense neutral beam injected into a plasma creates a tail (i.e. non-Maxwellian component) in velocity distribution function of the same species as the one injected with enhancing (or reducing) fusion reactivities from the values for Maxwellian plasmas. In a typical D-He-3 startup operation with field reversed configuration (FRC), tail effect on reduction in neutral beam injection (NBI) power required for plasma heating is investigated. It is shown that as a result of effective tail control, the required NBI power can be reduced by about 60% from the value for Maxwellian plasma.

Matsuura, H., Y. Nakao, et al. (2000). “Triton distribution function and 14 MeV neutron generation rate in D-He-3 field reversed configuration plasmas.” NUCLEAR FUSION 40(9): 1611-1620.
The effect of magnetic field oil the velocity distribution function of tritons in D-He-3 fuelled/field reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas is investigated. Some of the tritons produced by D(d,p)T reactions in the FRC are immediately and asymmetrically lost from the device without any interaction with background charged particles, and then non-symmetric loss causes a distortion of the velocity distribution function as well as a decrease in the number of trapped tritons. Using the distorted triton distribution, the 14 MeV neutron generation rate is estimated and compared with the values for Maxwellian plasmas (the effect of the magnetic field is neglected). It is found that in a typical ignited D-He-3/FRC plasma, for example, T-i = T-e = 80 keV, n(D) = 2ns(He) = 05n(e) = 3 x 10(20) m(-3) T-E = 0.5 tau(P) = 3 S, r(s) = 1.6 m and B-W = 6 T, the reduction in 14 MeV neutron generation is about 20%.

McCollam, K. and T. Jarboe (2002). “Magnetic relaxation in coaxial helicity injection.” PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED FUSION 44(5): 493-517.
The Helicity Injected Torus (HIT-II) (Jarboe T R 1998 Phys. Plasmas 5 1807) is operated with either cathode or anode central column (CC) during coaxial helicity injection (CHI). The CC polarity has a strong effect on tokamak behaviour. For cathode CC operation, the magnetic profile is inferred from surface data to be more relaxed, and then = 1 mode is stronger and more slowly rotating than for anode CC operation. Mode toroidal rotation follows the applied E x B direction. Ion toroidal spin-up in the core is consistent with electromotive action. Apparently, some type of mode asymmetry, effected by the plasma flow and mode rotation, is integral to the current drive observed. This is discussed in terms of electromotive effects, and the picture is shown to be consistent with observations. Some possible implications are outlined, including those concerning parallel fluid velocity shear and other magnetic confinement configurations.

MCKENNA, K., D. REJ, et al. (1983). “EQUILIBRIUM AND POWER BALANCE CONSTRAINTS ON A QUASI-STATIC OHMICALLY HEATED FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION (FRC).” NUCLEAR FUSION 23(10): 1319-1325.

MCKENNA, K., W. ARMSTRONG, et al. (1983). “PARTICLE CONFINEMENT SCALING IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 50(22): 1787-1790.

MCKENNA, K., W. ARMSTRONG, et al. (1985). “FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION RESEARCH AT LOS-ALAMOS.” NUCLEAR FUSION 25(9): 1317-1319.

MEASSICK, S., T. INTRATOR, et al. (1989). “MEASUREMENTS OF THE PONDEROMOTIVE FORCE INCLUDING SIDEBAND MODE-COUPLING EFFECTS AND DAMPING RATES.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 1(5): 1049-1058.

MILEY, G. (1989). “SUMMARY OF THE UNITED-STATES-JAPAN WORKSHOP ON D-3HE FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS, URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS, OCTOBER 5-8, 1988.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 15(3): 1459-1460.

MILEY, G. (1995). “COMPACT TORI AS EXTENSIONS OF THE SPHERICAL TOKAMAK.” FUSION TECHNOLOGY 27: 382-386.
The need for a flexible experimental facility, capable of studying several alternate confinement concepts simultaneously, is discussed. A facility suitable for both spherical tokamak (ST) and Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) studies is examined. Such a facility could advance the physics database of both concepts at a minimum cost. An International Center for Alternate Confinement Studies is proposed to develop such facilities and to provide opportunities for international collaboration in this critical area.

Miley, G., J. Santarius, et al. (2000). “On design and development issues for the FRC and related alternate confinement concepts.” FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 48(3-4): 327-337.
Two prior D-He-3 field-reversed configuration (FRC) reactor designs, ARTEMIS and SAFFIRE are reviewed to identify key physics, technology, and design issues for FRC development. It is concluded that the D-He-3 FRC can potentially offer a cost competitive and environmentally compatible power plant if the technology issues can be suitably resolved. The D-He-3 FRC also appears to be particularly attractive for non-electrical application such as He-3 breeding or hydrogen production. An important developmental issue becomes whether or not a D-T version should be employed as the first-generation unit. If so, emphasis must be placed on methods to handle high neutron and heat first-wall loadings, e.g. by use of a liquid first wall. Also, the development of improved thermal energy conversion cycles such as the use of liquid metal MHD becomes an important goal. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

MILROY, R., J. SLOUGH, et al. (1984). “PLASMA WALL SHEATH CONTRIBUTIONS TO FLUX RETENTION DURING THE FORMATION OF FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 27(6): 1545-1551.

MILROY, R. and J. SLOUGH (1987). “POLOIDAL FLUX LOSS AND AXIAL DYNAMICS DURING THE FORMATION OF A FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATION.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 30(11): 3566-3573.

MILROY, R., D. BARNES, et al. (1989). “NONLINEAR MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC STUDIES OF THE TILT MODE IN FIELD-REVERSED CONFIGURATIONS.” PHYSICS OF FLUIDS B-PLASMA PHYSICS 1(6): 1225-1232.

Milroy, R. (1999). “A numerical study of rotating magnetic fields as a current drive for field reversed configurations.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 6(7): 2771-2780.
A fixed ion model has been developed to study the use of a Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) as a current drive mechanism in a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC). This model is used to investigate the physics of RMF current drive in a parameter range of interest to two experiments at the University of Washington. Empirical expressions are found to characterize the critical RMF magnitude required for full penetration and the rate of RMF penetration. It is shown that in the presence of a strong anisotropic plasma resistivity, the direction and magnitude of the axial bias field can have a strong influence on the penetration of an RMF. Calculations that include the effects of realistic RMF antennae at finite radius are used to find the effects of coil spacing and positioning. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(99)01507-4].

Milroy, R. (2000). “A magnetohydrodynamic model of rotating magnetic field current drive in a field-reversed configuration.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 7(10): 4135-4142.
A numerical model has been developed to study the use of a Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) as an electron current drive mechanism for the formation and sustainment of a field-reversed configuration (FRC). Previous models assumed a fixed ion model, but here a full two-dimensional (r-theta) magnetohydrodynamic model has been developed. The model has been applied to two classes of problems: (1) For the sustainment problem, a RMF is applied to a preexisting FRC. (2) For the formation problem, a RMF is applied to a plasma column with an initially uniform axial magnetic field and background plasma density. The RMF-induced current reverses this bias field, forming a FRC. The code employs an option to include some three-dimensional effects to satisfy the average beta condition and equalize pressure and density between inner and outer field lines, when it is applied to sustainment simulations. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S1070-664X(00)03610-7].

Milroy, R. (2001). “Effects of open field line plasma on rotating magnetic field current drive in a field-reversed configuration.” PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 8(6): 2804-2807.
A numerical model has been used to study the effects that open field line plasma may have on the rotating magnetic field (RMF), when it is applied to a field-reversed configuration (FRC) for current drive. The model is a two-dimensional (r-theta) magnetohydrodynamic computer simulation. The RMF is found to be an extremely good particle pump, continuously sweeping plasma into the FRC from the outer region, and thus evacuating the space near the containment vessel wall. This effect can lead to a very low density near the wall, providing good thermal insulation. However, if there is a plasma source in the open field line region (such as outgassing from the containment vessel wall) capable of maintaining relatively low-density plasma, the RMF may be amplified in this region. While this effect may speed the rate of penetration, it also has